使用Python写CUDA程序有两种方式:
* Numba
* PyCUDA
numbapro现在已经不推荐使用了,功能被拆分并分别被集成到accelerate和Numba了。
例子
numba
Numba通过及时编译机制(JIT)优化Python代码,Numba可以针对本机的硬件环境进行优化,同时支持CPU和GPU的优化,并且可以和Numpy集成,使Python代码可以在GPU上运行,只需在函数上方加上相关的指令标记,
如下所示:
import numpy as np from timeit import default_timer as timerfrom numba import vectorize@vectorize(["float32(float32, float32)"], target='cuda')def vectorAdd(a, b): return a + bdef main(): N = 320000000 A = np.ones(N, dtype=np.float32 ) B = np.ones(N, dtype=np.float32 ) C = np.zeros(N, dtype=np.float32 ) start = timer() C = vectorAdd(A, B) vectorAdd_time = timer() - start print("c[:5] = " + str(C[:5])) print("c[-5:] = " + str(C[-5:])) print("vectorAdd took %f seconds " % vectorAdd_time)if __name__ == '__main__': main()
PyCUDA
PyCUDA的内核函数(kernel)其实就是使用C/C++编写的,通过动态编译为GPU微码,Python代码与GPU代码进行交互,如下所示:
import pycuda.autoinitimport pycuda.driver as drvimport numpy as npfrom timeit import default_timer as timerfrom pycuda.compiler import SourceModulemod = SourceModule("""__global__ void func(float *a, float *b, size_t N){ const int i = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; if (i >= N) { return; } float temp_a = a[i]; float temp_b = b[i]; a[i] = (temp_a * 10 + 2 ) * ((temp_b + 2) * 10 - 5 ) * 5; // a[i] = a[i] + b[i];}""")func = mod.get_function("func") def test(N): # N = 1024 * 1024 * 90 # float: 4M = 1024 * 1024 print("N = %d" % N) N = np.int32(N) a = np.random.randn(N).astype(np.float32) b = np.random.randn(N).astype(np.float32) # copy a to aa aa = np.empty_like(a) aa[:] = a # GPU run nTheads = 256 nBlocks = int( ( N + nTheads - 1 ) / nTheads ) start = timer() func( drv.InOut(a), drv.In(b), N, block=( nTheads, 1, 1 ), grid=( nBlocks, 1 ) ) run_time = timer() - start print("gpu run time %f seconds " % run_time) # cpu run start = timer() aa = (aa * 10 + 2 ) * ((b + 2) * 10 - 5 ) * 5 run_time = timer() - start print("cpu run time %f seconds " % run_time) # check result r = a - aa print( min(r), max(r) )def main(): for n in range(1, 10): N = 1024 * 1024 * (n * 10) print("------------%d---------------" % n) test(N)if __name__ == '__main__': main()
对比
numba使用一些指令标记某些函数进行加速(也可以使用Python编写内核函数),这一点类似于OpenACC,而PyCUDA需要自己写kernel,在运行时进行编译,底层是基于C/C++实现的。通过测试,这两种方式的加速比基本差不多。但是,numba更像是一个黑盒,不知道内部到底做了什么,而PyCUDA就显得很直观。因此,这两种方式具有不同的应用:
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