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Python基于SMTP协议实现发送邮件功能详解

2020-01-04 14:56:49
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本文实例讲述了Python基于SMTP协议实现发送邮件功能。分享给大家供大家参考,具体如下:

SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol),即简单邮件传输协议,它是一组由源地址到目的地址传送邮件的规则,由它来控制信件的中转方式。Python内置对SMTP的支持,可以发送纯文本邮件、HTML邮件以及带附件的邮件。

Python对SMTP支持有smtplibemail两个模块,email负责构造邮件,smtplib负责发送邮件。

Python创建SMTP语法如下:

import smtplibsmtpObj = mstplib.SMTP(host,port)

创建具有SSL协议的SMTP:

import smtplibsmtpObj = mstplib.SMTP_SSL(host,port)

使用SMTP对象发送邮件:

# from_addr:发送者邮箱# to_addrs:接收者邮箱,list# msg:消息体smtpObj.sendmail(from_addr, to_addrs, msg, mail_options=[],         rcpt_options=[])

接下来的示例都是以网易邮箱作为邮箱服务器来写的,网易163免费邮箱相关服务器信息如下:

Python,SMTP协议,发送邮件

使用网易邮箱作为发送者邮箱时应注意,邮箱密码并非为邮箱的登录密码,而是客户端授权密码。

发送纯文本邮件

首先,我们需要构造一个消息体:

from email.header import Headerfrom email.mime.text import MIMEText# 第一个参数为邮件正文,第二个参数为MINE的subtype,传入‘plain',最终的MINE就是‘text/plain',最后参数为编码msg = MIMEText('hello email','palin','utf-8')def _format_addr(s):  name,addr = parseaddr(s)  return formataddr((Header(name,'utf-8').encode(),addr.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(addr,unicode) else addr))# 发送者昵称msg['From'] = _format_addr('发送者昵称 <%s>'%from_addr) # 接收者昵称msg['To'] = _format_addr('接收者昵称 <%s>'%to_addr)# 标题msg['Subject'] = Header('标题','utf-8').encode()

此时就构造了一个简单的消息体。切记,如果未指定标题以及昵称,并且将其格式化编码,有可能会被认为是辣鸡邮件而导致发送失败!!!

以下就是发送纯文本邮件示例的完整代码:

import smtplibfrom email.header import Headerfrom email.mime.text import MIMETextfrom email.utils import formataddr,parseaddrhost = 'smtp.163.com'port = 25from_addr = 'xxxx@163.com'from_addr_pwd = 'xxxxxx'to_addr = 'xxxx@qq.com'def _format_addr(s):  name,addr = parseaddr(s)  return formataddr((Header(name,'utf-8').encode(),addr.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(addr,unicode) else addr))msg = MIMEText('hello email','palin','utf-8')msg['From'] = _format_addr('发送者昵称 <%s>'%from_addr) msg['To'] = _format_addr('接收者昵称 <%s>'%to_addr)msg['Subject'] = Header('标题','utf-8').encode()smtpObj = smtplib.SMTP(host,25)smtpObj.set_debuglevel(1)smtpObj.login(sender,password)smtpObj.sendmail(sender, [receivers], message.as_string())smtoObj.quit()

值得注意的是,调用sendmail方法时,接收者邮箱为一个list类型,用于群发功能。

发送HTML邮件

如果有发送HTML邮件的需求,此时我们仍需先够着一个MIMEText对象,将html字符串传递进来,如下:

htmlStr = '''<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head>  <meta charset="UTF-8">  <title>Title</title></head><body>  <h1>Hello SMTP</h1>  <p>点击<a href="https://www.baidu.com" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >链接</a></p></body></html>'''msg = MIMEText(htmlStr,'html','utf-8')

完整代码如下:

import smtplibfrom email.mime.text import MIMETextfrom email.header import Headerfrom email.utils import formataddr,parseaddrdef _format_addr(s):  name,addr = parseaddr(s)  return formataddr((Header(name,'utf-8').encode(),addr.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(addr,unicode) else addr))server = 'smtp.163.com'from_addr = 'xxx@163.com'from_addr_pwd = 'xxxxxx'to_addr = 'xxx1@qq.com'htmlStr = '''<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head>  <meta charset="UTF-8">  <title>Title</title></head><body>  <h1>Hello SMTP</h1>  <p>点击<a href="https://www.baidu.com" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >链接</a></p></body></html>'''msg = MIMEText(htmlStr,'html','utf-8')msg['From'] = _format_addr("发送者 <%s>"%from_addr)msg['To'] = _format_addr("接收者 <%s>"%to_addr)msg['Subject'] = Header('一个简单的标题','utf-8').encode()smtpObj = smtplib.SMTP(server,25)smtpObj.set_debuglevel(1)smtpObj.login(from_addr,from_addr_pwd)smtpObj.sendmail(from_addr,[to_addr],msg.as_string())smtpObj.quit()

发送附件邮件

如果我们有发送附件的需求时,我们该如何改造消息体呢?我们此时可以用MIMEMultipart构造邮件的本身,传递一个MIMEText对象来写入邮件的正文,再用MIMEBase对象存储附件的信息即可,代码如下:

msg = MIMEMultipart()msg.attach(MIMEText('发送一个附件...','plain','utf-8'))path = os.path.join(os.getcwd(),'1.png')with open(path,'rb') as f:  # 设置附件的MIME  mime = MIMEBase('image','png',filename='1.png')  # 加上必要的头信息  mime.add_header('Content-Disposition','attachment',filename='1.png')  mime.add_header('Content-ID','<0>')  mime.add_header('X-Attachment-Id','0')  # 读取文件内容  mime.set_payload(f.read())  # 使用base64编码  encode_base64(mime)  msg.attach(mime)

完整代码如下:

import smtplib,osfrom email.mime.text import MIMETextfrom email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart,MIMEBasefrom email.header import Headerfrom email.encoders import encode_base64from email.utils import formataddr,parseaddrmsg = MIMEMultipart()msg.attach(MIMEText('发送一个附件...','plain','utf-8'))def _format_addr(s):  name,addr = parseaddr(s)  return formataddr((Header(name,'utf-8').encode(),addr.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(addr,unicode) else addr))server = 'smtp.163.com'from_addr = 'xxx@163.com'from_addr_pwd = 'xxxxxx'to_addr = 'xxx1@qq.com'path = os.path.join(os.getcwd(),'1.png')with open(path,'rb') as f:  mime = MIMEBase('image','png',filename='1.png')  mime.add_header('Content-Disposition','attachment',filename='1.png')  mime.add_header('Content-ID','<0>')  mime.add_header('X-Attachment-Id','0')  mime.set_payload(f.read())  encode_base64(mime)  msg.attach(mime)msg['From'] = _format_addr("发送者 <%s>"%from_addr)msg['To'] = _format_addr("接收者 <%s>"%to_addr)msg['Subject'] = Header('一个简单的附件邮件','utf-8').encode()smtpObj = smtplib.SMTP(server,25)smtpObj.set_debuglevel(1)smtpObj.login(from_addr,from_addr_pwd)smtpObj.sendmail(from_addr,[to_addr],msg.as_string())smtpObj.quit()

发送图片邮件

如果我们需要在一段文本中插入图片作为邮件正文,那么我们该如何实现呢?有人会想用HTML,在里面嵌一个img标签就可以了,但是这样有一个问题,因为img标签是引用一个图片路径的,我们总不能将图片文件也发送过去吧。那么久没有办法了吗,当然有,我们可以结合HTML与附件邮件发送方式来发送图片邮件,首先我们将图片以附件的形式添加进来,再以HTML中img标签引用src='cid:0',就可以将图片引用进来了,如下:

msg = MIMEMultipart()path = os.path.join(os.getcwd(),'1.png')with open(path,'rb') as f:  mime = MIMEBase('image','png',filename='1.png')  mime.add_header('Content-Disposition','attachment',filename='1.png')  mime.add_header('Content-ID','<0>')  mime.add_header('X-Attachment-Id','0')  mime.set_payload(f.read())  encode_base64(mime)  msg.attach(mime)htmlStr = '''<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head>  <meta charset="UTF-8">  <title>Title</title></head><body>  <h1>图片标题</h1>  <p>插入一个图片<img src="cid:0"/></p></body></html>'''msg.attach(MIMEText(htmlStr,'html','utf-8'))

完整代码如下:

import smtplib,osfrom email.mime.text import MIMETextfrom email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart,MIMEBasefrom email.header import Headerfrom email.encoders import encode_base64from email.utils import parseaddr,formataddrserver = 'smtp.163.com'from_addr = 'xxx@163.com'from_addr_pwd = 'xxxxxx'to_addr = 'xxx1@qq.com'def _format_addr(s):  name,addr = parseaddr(s)  return formataddr((Header(name,'utf-8').encode(),addr.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(addr,unicode) else addr))msg = MIMEMultipart()path = os.path.join(os.getcwd(),'1.png')with open(path,'rb') as f:  # 设置附件的MIME  mime = MIMEBase('image','png',filename='1.png')  # 加上必要的头信息  mime.add_header('Content-Disposition','attachment',filename='1.png')  mime.add_header('Content-ID','<0>')  mime.add_header('X-Attachment-Id','0')  # 读取文件内容  mime.set_payload(f.read())  # 使用base64编码  encode_base64(mime)  msg.attach(mime)htmlStr = '''<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head>  <meta charset="UTF-8">  <title>Title</title></head><body>  <h1>图片标题</h1>  <p>插入一个图片<img src="cid:0"/></p></body></html>'''msg.attach(MIMEText(htmlStr,'html','utf-8'))msg['From'] = _format_addr('发送者 <%s>'%from_addr)msg['To'] = _format_addr('接收者 <%s>'%to_addr)msg['Subject'] = Header('发送图片邮件','utf-8').encode()smtpObj = smtplib.SMTP(server,25)smtpObj.set_debuglevel(1)smtpObj.login(from_addr,from_addr_pwd)smtpObj.sendmail(from_addr,[to_addr],msg.as_string())smtpObj.quit()

如果有多个图片,给它们依次编号,然后引用不同的cid:x即可。

希望本文所述对大家Python程序设计有所帮助。


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