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编写Python的web框架中的Model的教程

2019-11-25 17:35:46
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有了ORM,我们就可以把Web App需要的3个表用Model表示出来:

import time, uuidfrom transwarp.db import next_idfrom transwarp.orm import Model, StringField, BooleanField, FloatField, TextFieldclass User(Model):  __table__ = 'users'  id = StringField(primary_key=True, default=next_id, ddl='varchar(50)')  email = StringField(updatable=False, ddl='varchar(50)')  password = StringField(ddl='varchar(50)')  admin = BooleanField()  name = StringField(ddl='varchar(50)')  image = StringField(ddl='varchar(500)')  created_at = FloatField(updatable=False, default=time.time)class Blog(Model):  __table__ = 'blogs'  id = StringField(primary_key=True, default=next_id, ddl='varchar(50)')  user_id = StringField(updatable=False, ddl='varchar(50)')  user_name = StringField(ddl='varchar(50)')  user_image = StringField(ddl='varchar(500)')  name = StringField(ddl='varchar(50)')  summary = StringField(ddl='varchar(200)')  content = TextField()  created_at = FloatField(updatable=False, default=time.time)class Comment(Model):  __table__ = 'comments'  id = StringField(primary_key=True, default=next_id, ddl='varchar(50)')  blog_id = StringField(updatable=False, ddl='varchar(50)')  user_id = StringField(updatable=False, ddl='varchar(50)')  user_name = StringField(ddl='varchar(50)')  user_image = StringField(ddl='varchar(500)')  content = TextField()  created_at = FloatField(updatable=False, default=time.time)

在编写ORM时,给一个Field增加一个default参数可以让ORM自己填入缺省值,非常方便。并且,缺省值可以作为函数对象传入,在调用insert()时自动计算。

例如,主键id的缺省值是函数next_id,创建时间created_at的缺省值是函数time.time,可以自动设置当前日期和时间。

日期和时间用float类型存储在数据库中,而不是datetime类型,这么做的好处是不必关心数据库的时区以及时区转换问题,排序非常简单,显示的时候,只需要做一个float到str的转换,也非常容易。
初始化数据库表

如果表的数量很少,可以手写创建表的SQL脚本:

-- schema.sqldrop database if exists awesome;create database awesome;use awesome;grant select, insert, update, delete on awesome.* to 'www-data'@'localhost' identified by 'www-data';create table users (  `id` varchar(50) not null,  `email` varchar(50) not null,  `password` varchar(50) not null,  `admin` bool not null,  `name` varchar(50) not null,  `image` varchar(500) not null,  `created_at` real not null,  unique key `idx_email` (`email`),  key `idx_created_at` (`created_at`),  primary key (`id`)) engine=innodb default charset=utf8;create table blogs (  `id` varchar(50) not null,  `user_id` varchar(50) not null,  `user_name` varchar(50) not null,  `user_image` varchar(500) not null,  `name` varchar(50) not null,  `summary` varchar(200) not null,  `content` mediumtext not null,  `created_at` real not null,  key `idx_created_at` (`created_at`),  primary key (`id`)) engine=innodb default charset=utf8;create table comments (  `id` varchar(50) not null,  `blog_id` varchar(50) not null,  `user_id` varchar(50) not null,  `user_name` varchar(50) not null,  `user_image` varchar(500) not null,  `content` mediumtext not null,  `created_at` real not null,  key `idx_created_at` (`created_at`),  primary key (`id`)) engine=innodb default charset=utf8;

如果表的数量很多,可以从Model对象直接通过脚本自动生成SQL脚本,使用更简单。

把SQL脚本放到MySQL命令行里执行:

$ mysql -u root -p < schema.sql

我们就完成了数据库表的初始化。
编写数据访问代码

接下来,就可以真正开始编写代码操作对象了。比如,对于User对象,我们就可以做如下操作:

# test_db.pyfrom models import User, Blog, Commentfrom transwarp import dbdb.create_engine(user='www-data', password='www-data', database='awesome')u = User(name='Test', email='test@example.com', password='1234567890', image='about:blank')u.insert()print 'new user id:', u.idu1 = User.find_first('where email=?', 'test@example.com')print 'find user/'s name:', u1.nameu1.delete()u2 = User.find_first('where email=?', 'test@example.com')print 'find user:', u2

可以在MySQL客户端命令行查询,看看数据是不是正常存储到MySQL里面了。

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