protobuf是谷歌的Protocol Buffers的简称,用于结构化数据和字节码之间互相转换(序列化、反序列化),一般应用于网络传输,可支持多种编程语言。
protobuf如何使用这里不再介绍,本文主要介绍在MINA、Netty、Twisted中如何使用protobuf,不了解protobuf的同学可以去参考我的另一篇博文。
在前面的一篇博文中,有介绍到一种用一个固定为4字节的前缀Header来指定Body的字节数的一种消息分割方式,在这里同样要使用到。只是其中Body的内容不再是字符串,而是protobuf字节码。
在处理业务逻辑时,肯定不希望还要对数据进行序列化和反序列化,而是希望直接操作一个对象,那么就需要有相应的编码器和解码器,将序列化和反序列化的逻辑写在编码器和解码器中。有关编码器和解码器的实现,上一篇博文中有介绍。
Netty包中已经自带针对protobuf的编码器和解码器,那么就不用再自己去实现了。而MINA、Twisted还需要自己去实现protobuf的编码器和解码器。
这里定义一个protobuf数据结构,用于描述一个学生的信息,保存为StudentMsg.proto文件:
message Student { // ID required int32 id = 1; // 姓名 required string name = 2; // email optional string email = 3; // 朋友 repeated string friends = 4; }
用StudentMsg.proto分别生成java和Python代码,将代码加入到相应的项目中。生成的代码就不再贴上来了。
下面分别介绍在Netty、MINA、Twisted如何使用protobuf来传输Student信息。
Netty:
Netty自带protobuf的编码器和解码器,分别是ProtobufEncoder和ProtobufDecoder。需要注意的是,ProtobufEncoder和ProtobufDecoder只负责protobuf的序列化和反序列化,而处理消息Header前缀和消息分割的还需要LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder和LengthFieldPrepender。LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder即用于解析消息Header前缀,根据Header中指定的Body字节数截取Body,LengthFieldPrepender用于在wirte消息时在消息前面添加一个Header前缀来指定Body字节数。
public class TcpServer { public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(); EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(); try { ServerBootstrap b = new ServerBootstrap(); b.group(bossGroup, workerGroup) .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class) .childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() { @Override public void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception { ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline(); // 负责通过4字节Header指定的Body长度将消息切割 pipeline.addLast("frameDecoder", new LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder(1048576, 0, 4, 0, 4)); // 负责将frameDecoder处理后的完整的一条消息的protobuf字节码转成Student对象 pipeline.addLast("protobufDecoder", new ProtobufDecoder(StudentMsg.Student.getDefaultInstance())); // 负责将写入的字节码加上4字节Header前缀来指定Body长度 pipeline.addLast("frameEncoder", new LengthFieldPrepender(4)); // 负责将Student对象转成protobuf字节码 pipeline.addLast("protobufEncoder", new ProtobufEncoder()); pipeline.addLast(new TcpServerHandler()); } }); ChannelFuture f = b.bind(8080).sync(); f.channel().closeFuture().sync(); } finally { workerGroup.shutdownGracefully(); bossGroup.shutdownGracefully(); } } }
处理事件时,接收和发送的参数直接就是Student对象:
public class TcpServerHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter { @Override public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) { // 读取客户端传过来的Student对象 StudentMsg.Student student = (StudentMsg.Student) msg; System.out.println("ID:" + student.getId()); System.out.println("Name:" + student.getName()); System.out.println("Email:" + student.getEmail()); System.out.println("Friends:"); List<String> friends = student.getFriendsList(); for(String friend : friends) { System.out.println(friend); } // 新建一个Student对象传到客户端 StudentMsg.Student.Builder builder = StudentMsg.Student.newBuilder(); builder.setId(9); builder.setName("服务器"); builder.setEmail("123@abc.com"); builder.addFriends("X"); builder.addFriends("Y"); StudentMsg.Student student2 = builder.build(); ctx.writeAndFlush(student2); } @Override public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) { cause.printStackTrace(); ctx.close(); } }
MINA:
在MINA中没有针对protobuf的编码器和解码器,但是可以自己实现一个功能和Netty一样的编码器和解码器。
编码器:
public class MinaProtobufEncoder extends ProtocolEncoderAdapter { @Override public void encode(Iosession session, Object message, ProtocolEncoderOutput out) throws Exception { StudentMsg.Student student = (StudentMsg.Student) message; byte[] bytes = student.toByteArray(); // Student对象转为protobuf字节码 int length = bytes.length; IoBuffer buffer = IoBuffer.allocate(length + 4); buffer.putInt(length); // write header buffer.put(bytes); // write body buffer.flip(); out.write(buffer); } }
解码器:
public class MinaProtobufDecoder extends CumulativeProtocolDecoder { @Override protected boolean doDecode(IoSession session, IoBuffer in, ProtocolDecoderOutput out) throws Exception { // 如果没有接收完Header部分(4字节),直接返回false if (in.remaining() < 4) { return false; } else { // 标记开始位置,如果一条消息没传输完成则返回到这个位置 in.mark(); // 读取header部分,获取body长度 int bodyLength = in.getInt(); // 如果body没有接收完整,直接返回false if (in.remaining() < bodyLength) { in.reset(); // IoBuffer position回到原来标记的地方 return false; } else { byte[] bodyBytes = new byte[bodyLength]; in.get(bodyBytes); // 读取body部分 StudentMsg.Student student = StudentMsg.Student.parseFrom(bodyBytes); // 将body中protobuf字节码转成Student对象 out.write(student); // 解析出一条消息 return true; } } } }
MINA服务器加入protobuf的编码器和解码器:
public class TcpServer { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { IoAcceptor acceptor = new NioSocketAcceptor(); // 指定protobuf的编码器和解码器 acceptor.getFilterChain().addLast("codec", new ProtocolCodecFilter(new MinaProtobufEncoder(), new MinaProtobufDecoder())); acceptor.setHandler(new TcpServerHandle()); acceptor.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080)); } }
这样,在处理业务逻辑时,就和Netty一样了:
public class TcpServerHandle extends IoHandlerAdapter { @Override public void exceptionCaught(IoSession session, Throwable cause) throws Exception { cause.printStackTrace(); } @Override public void messageReceived(IoSession session, Object message) throws Exception { // 读取客户端传过来的Student对象 StudentMsg.Student student = (StudentMsg.Student) message; System.out.println("ID:" + student.getId()); System.out.println("Name:" + student.getName()); System.out.println("Email:" + student.getEmail()); System.out.println("Friends:"); List<String> friends = student.getFriendsList(); for(String friend : friends) { System.out.println(friend); } // 新建一个Student对象传到客户端 StudentMsg.Student.Builder builder = StudentMsg.Student.newBuilder(); builder.setId(9); builder.setName("服务器"); builder.setEmail("123@abc.com"); builder.addFriends("X"); builder.addFriends("Y"); StudentMsg.Student student2 = builder.build(); session.write(student2); } }
Twisted:
在Twisted中,首先定义一个ProtobufProtocol类,继承Protocol类,充当编码器和解码器。处理业务逻辑的TcpServerHandle类再继承ProtobufProtocol类,调用或重写ProtobufProtocol提供的方法。
# -*- coding:utf-8 –*- from struct import pack, unpack from twisted.internet.protocol import Factory from twisted.internet.protocol import Protocol from twisted.internet import reactor import StudentMsg_pb2 # protobuf编码、解码器 class ProtobufProtocol(Protocol): # 用于暂时存放接收到的数据 _buffer = b"" def dataReceived(self, data): # 上次未处理的数据加上本次接收到的数据 self._buffer = self._buffer + data # 一直循环直到新的消息没有接收完整 while True: # 如果header接收完整 if len(self._buffer) >= 4: # header部分,按大字节序转int,获取body长度 length, = unpack(">I", self._buffer[0:4]) # 如果body接收完整 if len(self._buffer) >= 4 + length: # body部分,protobuf字节码 packet = self._buffer[4:4 + length] # protobuf字节码转成Student对象 student = StudentMsg_pb2.Student() student.ParseFromString(packet) # 调用protobufReceived传入Student对象 self.protobufReceived(student) # 去掉_buffer中已经处理的消息部分 self._buffer = self._buffer[4 + length:] else: break; else: break; def protobufReceived(self, student): raise NotImplementedError def sendProtobuf(self, student): # Student对象转为protobuf字节码 data = student.SerializeToString() # 添加Header前缀指定protobuf字节码长度 self.transport.write(pack(">I", len(data)) + data) # 逻辑代码 class TcpServerHandle(ProtobufProtocol): # 实现ProtobufProtocol提供的protobufReceived def protobufReceived(self, student): # 将接收到的Student输出 print 'ID:' + str(student.id) print 'Name:' + student.name print 'Email:' + student.email print 'Friends:' for friend in student.friends: print friend # 创建一个Student并发送给客户端 student2 = StudentMsg_pb2.Student() student2.id = 9 student2.name = '服务器'.decode('UTF-8') # 中文需要转成UTF-8字符串 student2.email = '123@abc.com' student2.friends.append('X') student2.friends.append('Y') self.sendProtobuf(student2) factory = Factory() factory.protocol = TcpServerHandle reactor.listenTCP(8080, factory) reactor.run()
下面是Java编写的一个客户端测试程序:
public class TcpClient { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { Socket socket = null; DataOutputStream out = null; DataInputStream in = null; try { socket = new Socket("localhost", 8080); out = new DataOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream()); in = new DataInputStream(socket.getInputStream()); // 创建一个Student传给服务器 StudentMsg.Student.Builder builder = StudentMsg.Student.newBuilder(); builder.setId(1); builder.setName("客户端"); builder.setEmail("xxg@163.com"); builder.addFriends("A"); builder.addFriends("B"); StudentMsg.Student student = builder.build(); byte[] outputBytes = student.toByteArray(); // Student转成字节码 out.writeInt(outputBytes.length); // write header out.write(outputBytes); // write body out.flush(); // 获取服务器传过来的Student int bodyLength = in.readInt(); // read header byte[] bodyBytes = new byte[bodyLength]; in.readFully(bodyBytes); // read body StudentMsg.Student student2 = StudentMsg.Student.parseFrom(bodyBytes); // body字节码解析成Student System.out.println("Header:" + bodyLength); System.out.println("Body:"); System.out.println("ID:" + student2.getId()); System.out.println("Name:" + student2.getName()); System.out.println("Email:" + student2.getEmail()); System.out.println("Friends:"); List<String> friends = student2.getFriendsList(); for(String friend : friends) { System.out.println(friend); } } finally { // 关闭连接 in.close(); out.close(); socket.close(); } } }
用客户端分别测试上面三个TCP服务器:
服务器输出:
ID:1Name:客户端Email:xxg@163.comFriends:AB
客户端输出:
Header:32Body:ID:9Name:服务器Email:123@abc.comFriends:XY
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