try: <statements> #运行try语句块,并试图捕获异常except <name1>: <statements> #如果name1异常发现,那么执行该语句块。except (name2, name3): <statements> #如果元组内的任意异常发生,那么捕获它except <name4> as <variable>: <statements> #如果name4异常发生,那么进入该语句块,并把异常实例命名为variableexcept: <statements> #发生了以上所有列出的异常之外的异常else:<statements> #如果没有异常发生,那么执行该语句块finally: <statement> #无论是否有异常发生,均会执行该语句块。
说明
raise语句用来手动抛出一个异常,有下面几种调用格式:
raise ValueError('we can only accept positive values')
当使用from的时候,第二个表达式指定了另一个异常类或实例,它会附加到引发异常的__cause__属性。如果引发的异常没有捕获,Python把异常也作为标准出错消息的一部分打印出来:
比如下面的代码:
try: 1/0except Exception as E: raise TypeError('bad input') from E
执行的结果如下:
Traceback (most recent call last): File "hh.py", line 2, in <module> 1/0ZeroDivisionError: division by zeroThe above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:Traceback (most recent call last): File "hh.py", line 4, in <module> raise TypeError('bad input') from ETypeError: bad input
assert主要用来做断言,通常用在单元测试中较多,到时候再做介绍。
with语句支持更丰富的基于对象的协议,可以为代码块定义支持进入和离开动作。
with语句对应的环境管理协议要求如下:
__enter__
和__exit__
方法。__enter__
方法会在初始化的时候运行,如果存在ass子在,__enter__
函数的返回值会赋值给as子句中的变量,否则,直接丢弃。__exit__(type,value,traceback)
方法就会被调用(带有异常细节)。这些也是由 sys.exc_info返回的相同值.如果此方法返回值为假,则异常会重新引发。否则,异常会终止。正常 情况下异常是应该被重新引发,这样的话才能传递到with语句之外。__exit__
方法依然会被调用,其type、value以及traceback参数都会以None传递。下面为一个简单的自定义的上下文管理类。
class Block: def __enter__(self): PRint('entering to the block') return self def prt(self, args): print('this is the block we do %s' % args) def __exit__(self,exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb): if exc_type is None: print('exit normally without exception') else: print('found exception: %s, and detailed info is %s' % (exc_type, exc_value)) return Falsewith Block() as b: b.prt('actual work!') raise ValueError('wrong')
如果注销到上面的raise语句,那么会正常退出。
在没有注销掉该raise语句的情况下,运行结果如下:
entering to the blockthis is the block we do actual work!found exception: <class 'ValueError'>, and detailed info is wrongTraceback (most recent call last): File "hh.py", line 18, in <module> raise ValueError('wrong')ValueError: wrong
如果发生异常,那么通过调用sys.exc_info()函数,可以返回包含3个元素的元组。 第一个元素就是引发异常类,而第二个是实际引发的实例,第三个元素traceback对象,代表异常最初发生时调用的堆栈。如果一切正常,那么会返回3个None。
|Exception Name|Description||BaseException|Root class for all exceptions|| SystemExit|Request termination of Python interpreter||KeyboardInterrupt|User interrupted execution (usually by pressing Ctrl+C)||Exception|Root class for regular exceptions|| StopIteration|Iteration has no further values|| GeneratorExit|Exception sent to generator to tell it to quit|| SystemExit|Request termination of Python interpreter|| StandardError|Base class for all standard built-in exceptions|| ArithmeticError|Base class for all numeric calculation errors|| FloatingPointError|Error in floating point calculation|| OverflowError|Calculation exceeded maximum limit for numerical type|| ZeroDivisionError|Division (or modulus) by zero error (all numeric types)|| AssertionError|Failure of assert statement|| AttributeError|No such object attribute|| EOFError|End-of-file marker reached without input from built-in|| EnvironmentError|Base class for Operating system environment errors|| IOError|Failure of input/output operation|| OSError|Operating system error|| WindowsError|MS Windows system call failure|| ImportError|Failure to import module or object|| KeyboardInterrupt|User interrupted execution (usually by pressing Ctrl+C)|| LookupError|Base class for invalid data lookup errors|| IndexError|No such index in sequence|| KeyError|No such key in mapping|| MemoryError|Out-of-memory error (non-fatal to Python interpreter)|| NameError|Undeclared/uninitialized object(non-attribute)|| UnboundLocalError|access of an uninitialized local variable|| ReferenceError|Weak reference tried to access a garbage collected object|| RuntimeError|Generic default error during execution|| NotImplementedError|Unimplemented method|| SyntaxError|Error in Python syntax|| IndentationError|Improper indentation|| TabErrorg|Improper mixture of TABs and spaces|| SystemError|Generic interpreter system error|| TypeError|Invalid operation for type|| ValueError|Invalid argument given|| UnicodeError|Unicode-related error|| UnicodeDecodeError|Unicode error during decoding|| UnicodeEncodeError|Unicode error during encoding|| UnicodeTranslate Error|Unicode error during translation|| Warning|Root class for all warnings|| DeprecationWarning|Warning about deprecated features|| FutureWarning|Warning about constructs that will change semantically in the future|| OverflowWarning|Old warning for auto-long upgrade|| PendingDeprecation Warning|Warning about features that will be deprecated in the future|| RuntimeWarning|Warning about dubious runtime behavior|| SyntaxWarning|Warning about dubious syntax|| UserWarning|Warning generated by user code|
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