元类让你来定义某些类是如何被创建的,从根本上说,赋予你如何创建类的控制权。示例1,它在用元类创建一个类时,显示时间标签。
#!/usr/bin/env pythonfrom time import ctimeclass MetaC(type): def __init__(cls, name, bases, attrd): super(MetaC, cls).__init__(name, bases, attrd) PRint '*** Created class %r at: %s' % (name, ctime())class Foo(object): __metaclass__ = MetaC def __init__(self): print '*** Instantiated class %r at: %s' % (self.__class__.__name__, ctime())f = Foo()输出:
*** Created class 'Foo' at: Wed Feb 9 11:50:37 2011*** Instantiated class 'Foo' at: Wed Feb 9 11:50:37 2011示例2,将创建一个元类,要求程序员在他们写的类中提供一个str()方法的实现。
#!/usr/bin/env pythonfrom warnings import warnclass ReqStrSugRepr(type): def __init__(cls, name, bases, attrd): super(ReqStrSugRepr, cls).__init__(name, bases, attrd) if '__str__' not in attrd: raise TypeError("Class requires overriding of __str__()") if '__repr__' not in attrd: warn('Class suggests overriding of __repr__()/n', stacklevel=3)class Foo(object): __metaclass__ = ReqStrSugRepr def __str__(self): return 'Instance of class:', self.__class__.__name__ def __repr__(self): return self.__class__.__name__class Bar(object): __metaclass__ = ReqStrSugRepr def __str__(self): return 'Instance of class:', self.__class__.__name__class FooBar(object): __metaclass__ = ReqStrSugRepr输出:
sys:1: UserWarning: Class suggests overriding of __repr__()Traceback (most recent call last): File "/home/zhangjun/workspace/try/src/try.py", line 29, in <module> class FooBar(object): File "/home/zhangjun/workspace/try/src/try.py", line 9, in __init__ raise TypeError("Class requires overriding of __str__()")TypeError: Class requires overriding of __str__()简单说明一下,定义元类ReqStrSugRepr,如果没有__str__()
方法的实现,则会抛出一个异常,而如果没有__repr__()
方法的实现,则会打印出一个UserWarning。Foo 定义成功的;定义Bar 时,提示警告__repr__()
未实现;FooBar 的创建没有通过安全检查,以致程序最后没有打印出关于FooBar 的Traceback。
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