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Java内置锁的简单认识

2019-11-06 07:15:21
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        多线程开发离不开锁机制,现在的java语言中,提供了2种锁,一种是语言特性提供的内置锁,还有一种是 java.util.concurrent.locks 包中的锁,这篇文章简单整理一下内置锁的知识点。

 

内置锁在Java语言中的表现:

        多线程的锁,其实本质上就是给一块内存空间的访问添加访问权限,因为Java中是没有办法直接对某一块内存进行操作的,又因为Java是面向对象的语言,一切皆对象,所以具体的表现就是某一个对象承担锁的功能,每一个对象都可以是一个锁。内置锁,使用方式就是使用 synchronized 关键字,synchronized 方法或者 synchronized 代码块。

 

每一种 synchronized 写法的锁是哪个对象:

 

1、指定当前对象加锁:

    PRivate synchronized void function() {        //TODO execute something    }

 

2、指定当前类的Class对象加锁:

    private static synchronized void function() {        //TODO execute something    }

注意此处的 static 关键字。 

3、指定任意对象加锁:

private void function() {    synchronized (object) {        //TODO execute something    }}

此时,这段同步代码块的锁加在object对象上面。该对象可以是当前对象(object == this),也可以是当前类的Class对象(object == MyClass.class)。

 

简单验证一下:

现有如下的类:

public class SynchronizedTest {    private Object lock = new Object();    public void synchronizedBlockOnObject(long executeTime) {        synchronized (lock) {            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " -> start synchronizedBlockOnObject");            doSomething(executeTime);            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " -> end synchronizedBlockOnObject");        }    }    public void synchronizedBlockOnThis(long executeTime) {        synchronized (this) {            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " -> start synchronizedBlockOnThis");            doSomething(executeTime);            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " -> end synchronizedBlockOnThis");        }    }    public void synchronizedBlockOnClass(long executeTime) {        synchronized (SynchronizedTest.class) {            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " -> start synchronizedBlockOnClass");            doSomething(executeTime);            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " -> end synchronizedBlockOnClass");        }    }    public synchronized void synchronizedMethodOnThis(long executeTime) {        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " -> start synchronizedMethodOnThis");        doSomething(executeTime);        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " -> end synchronizedMethodOnThis");    }    public static synchronized void synchronizedMethodOnClass(long executeTime) {        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " -> start synchronizedMethodOnClass");        doSomething(executeTime);        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " -> end synchronizedMethodOnClass");    }    private static void doSomething(long executeTime) {        try {            Thread.sleep(executeTime);        } catch (InterruptedException e) {            e.printStackTrace();        }    }}

 

 

1、static synchronized 方法 和 synchronized (MyClass.class) {} 同步代码块的锁都加在 MyClass.class 对象上面:

    public static void main(String[] args) {        SynchronizedTest synchronizedTest = new SynchronizedTest();                new Thread(new Runnable() {            @Override            public void run() {                SynchronizedTest.synchronizedMethodOnClass(3000);            }        }, "Thread static synchronized method").start();        new Thread(new Runnable() {            @Override            public void run() {                synchronizedTest.synchronizedBlockOnClass(2000);            }        }, "Thread synchronized block on Class").start();    }

运行结果如下:

Thread static synchronized method -> start synchronizedMethodOnClassThread static synchronized method -> end synchronizedMethodOnClassThread synchronized block on Class -> start synchronizedBlockOnClassThread synchronized block on Class -> end synchronizedBlockOnClass

说明当线程 Thread static synchronized method 进入方法 synchronizedMethodOnClass 的时候,线程Thread synchronized block on Class 是不能进入synchronizedBlockOnClass 代码块的。

 

2、非 static 的 synchronized 方法和 synchronized (this) {} 同步代码块的锁都加在当前对象上面:

public static void main(String[] args) {    SynchronizedTest synchronizedTest = new SynchronizedTest();    new Thread(new Runnable() {        @Override        public void run() {            synchronizedTest.synchronizedMethodOnThis(3000);        }    }, "Thread non-static synchronized method").start();    new Thread(new Runnable() {        @Override        public void run() {            synchronizedTest.synchronizedBlockOnThis(2000);        }    }, "Thread synchronized block on this").start();}

运行结果如下:

Thread non-static synchronized method -> start synchronizedMethodOnThisThread non-static synchronized method -> end synchronizedMethodOnThisThread synchronized block on this -> start synchronizedBlockOnThisThread synchronized block on this -> end synchronizedBlockOnThis

说明当线程 Thread non-static synchronized method 进入方法 synchronizedMethodOnThis 的时候,线程Thread synchronized block on this 是不能进入synchronizedBlockOnThis 代码块的。

 

3、当锁加在 MyClass.class 、 this 、 任意对象,这三种情况,起不到任何同步作用:

    public static void main(String[] args) {        SynchronizedTest synchronizedTest = new SynchronizedTest();        new Thread(new Runnable() {            @Override            public void run() {                synchronizedTest.synchronizedMethodOnThis(3000);            }        }, "Thread non-static synchronized method").start();        new Thread(new Runnable() {            @Override            public void run() {                SynchronizedTest.synchronizedMethodOnClass(2000);            }        }, "Thread static sybchronized method").start();        new Thread(new Runnable() {            @Override            public void run() {                synchronizedTest.synchronizedBlockOnObject(4000);            }        }, "Thread sybchronized block on other Object").start();    }

运行结果如下:

Thread non-static synchronized method -> start synchronizedMethodOnThisThread static sybchronized method -> start synchronizedMethodOnClassThread sybchronized block on other Object -> start synchronizedBlockOnObjectThread static sybchronized method -> end synchronizedMethodOnClassThread non-static synchronized method -> end synchronizedMethodOnThisThread sybchronized block on other Object -> end synchronizedBlockOnObject

说明当锁没有加在同一个对象上的时候,起不到线程间的同步作用。

 

 

Object中对内置锁进行操作的一些方法:

wait()系列:

wait()系列方法的作用是:使当前已经获得该对象锁的线程进入等待状态,并且释放该对象的锁。

notify()系列:

notify()系列方法的作用是:唤醒那些正在等待该对象锁的线程,使其继续运行。

 

基于wait() notify()机制,我们可以实现一个简易的生产者-消费者模型。

大体思路如下,一个生产者线程负责向一个仓库中存放(put)物品,一个消费者线程负责从仓库中取出(get)物品。

代码如下:

public class Warehouse {    private Queue<Integer> queue;    private int capacity;    public Warehouse(int capacity) {        this.capacity = capacity;        queue = new LinkedList();    }    public synchronized void put(int num) {        if (queue.size() >= capacity) {            try {                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " , put full wait");                wait();            } catch (InterruptedException e) {                e.printStackTrace();            }        }        queue.add(num);        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " , put : " + num + "  , queue -> " + queue);        notifyAll();    }    public synchronized int get() {        if (queue.isEmpty()) {            try {                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " , get empty wait");                wait();            } catch (InterruptedException e) {                e.printStackTrace();            }        }        int num = queue.poll();        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " , get : " + num + "  , queue -> " + queue);        notifyAll();        return num;    }}

 

    public static void main(String[] args) {        Warehouse warehouse = new Warehouse(4);        Random random = new Random();        new Thread(new Runnable() {            @Override            public void run() {                while (true) {                    warehouse.put(random.nextInt(10));                    try {                        Thread.sleep(1000);                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {                        e.printStackTrace();                    }                }            }        }, "生产者-01").start();        new Thread(new Runnable() {            @Override            public void run() {                while (true) {                    warehouse.get();                    try {                        Thread.sleep(2000);                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {                        e.printStackTrace();                    }                }            }        }, "消费者-01").start();    }

运行结果如下:

生产者-01 , put : 5  , queue -> [5]消费者-01 , get : 5  , queue -> []生产者-01 , put : 7  , queue -> [7]消费者-01 , get : 7  , queue -> []生产者-01 , put : 9  , queue -> [9]生产者-01 , put : 7  , queue -> [9, 7]消费者-01 , get : 9  , queue -> [7]生产者-01 , put : 0  , queue -> [7, 0]生产者-01 , put : 5  , queue -> [7, 0, 5]消费者-01 , get : 7  , queue -> [0, 5]生产者-01 , put : 9  , queue -> [0, 5, 9]生产者-01 , put : 6  , queue -> [0, 5, 9, 6]消费者-01 , get : 0  , queue -> [5, 9, 6]生产者-01 , put : 4  , queue -> [5, 9, 6, 4]生产者-01 , put full wait消费者-01 , get : 5  , queue -> [9, 6, 4]生产者-01 , put : 6  , queue -> [9, 6, 4, 6]生产者-01 , put full wait消费者-01 , get : 9  , queue -> [6, 4, 6]生产者-01 , put : 2  , queue -> [6, 4, 6, 2]生产者-01 , put full wait消费者-01 , get : 6  , queue -> [4, 6, 2]生产者-01 , put : 9  , queue -> [4, 6, 2, 9]生产者-01 , put full wait消费者-01 , get : 4  , queue -> [6, 2, 9]生产者-01 , put : 7  , queue -> [6, 2, 9, 7]生产者-01 , put full wait消费者-01 , get : 6  , queue -> [2, 9, 7]生产者-01 , put : 2  , queue -> [2, 9, 7, 2]

 


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