<!--[if !supportLists]-->第一章 <!--[endif]-->路由器配置和文件治理
1.1. 通过TFTP来配置路由器
提问 使用TFTP来加载路由器的配置文件
回答
Router1#copy tftp://172.25.1.1/NEWCONFIG running-config
Destination filename [running-config]? <enter>
accessing tftp://172.25.1.1/NEWCONFIG...
Loading NEWCONFIG from 172.25.1.1 (via FastEthernet0/0.1): !
[OK - 24 bytes]
24 bytes copied in 0.192 secs (125 bytes/sec)
Router1#
注释 IOS12.0版本以前使用的configure network命令,另外拷贝至路由器的配置文件应该以End结尾,否则会出现下面的错误提示信息:%PARSER-4-BADCFG: UneXPected end of configuration file.
1.2. 保存路由器配置到服务器
提问 保存路由器当前配置文件到TFTP服务器作为备份
回答
Freebsd% toUCh /tftpboot/router1-confg
Freebsd% chmod 666 /tftpboot/router1-confg
Freebsd% telnet Router1
Trying 172.25.1.5...
Connected to Router1.
Escape character is '^]'.
User Access Verification
PassWord: <vtypassword>
Router1>enable
Password: <enablepassword>
Router1#copy running-config tftp://172.25.1.1/router1-confg
Address or name of remote host [172.25.1.1]? <enter>
Destination filename [router1-confg]? <enter>
!!!
9640 bytes copied in 3.956 secs (2437 bytes/sec)
Router1#
注释 确保TFTP服务器上的目录和文件可写
1.3. 使用远端配置文件启动路由器
提问 使用另外的配置文件来启动路由器
回答
Router1#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)#service config
Router1(config)#boot network tftp Network-auto 172.25.1.1
Router1(config)#boot host tftp Router8-auto 172.25.1.1
Router1(config)#end
Router1#
注释 service config缺省是关闭的,假如打开缺省会去查找的文件名为network-config, cisconet.cfg, router1-confg, router1.cfg等
1.4. 保存大于NVRAM大小的配置文件
提问 配置文件过大,超过了可用的NVRAM大小
回答
Router1#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)#service comPRess-config
Router1(config)#end
Router1#
注释 可以使用show startup-config来验证
Router1#show startup-config
Using 5068 out of 29688 bytes, uncompressed size = 9969 bytes
Uncompressed configuration from 5068 bytes to 9969 bytes
1.5. 清除启动配置文件
提问 清除配置文件恢复到出厂设置
回答
Router1#erase nvram: (erase startup-config)
Erasing the nvram filesystem will remove all files! Continue? [confirm] <enter>
[OK]
Erase of nvram: complete
Router1#reload
System configuration has been modified. Save? [yes/no]: no
Proceed with reload? [confirm] <enter>
注释 无
1.6. 加载新的IOS镜像
提问 升级当前的IOS
回答
Router1#copy tftp://172.25.1.1/c2600-ik9o3s-mz.122-12a.bin Flash:
Destination filename [c2600-ik9o3s-mz.122-12a.bin]? <enter>
Accessing tftp://172.25.1.1/c2600-ik9o3s-mz.122-12a.bin...
Erase flash: before copying? [confirm] <enter>
Erasing the flash filesystem will remove all files! Continue? [confirm] <enter>
Erasing device... eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ...erased
Erase of flash: complete
Loading c2600-ik9o3s-mz.122-12a.bin from 172.25.1.1 (via FastEthernet0/0.1):!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
[OK - 11135588 bytes]
Verifying checksum... OK (0xE643)
11135588 bytes copied in 82.236 secs (135410 bytes/sec)
Router1# reload
Proceed with reload? [confirm] <enter>
注释 无
1.7. 以另一个IOS镜像文件启动
提问 使用其它的IOS镜像启动
回答
Router1#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)#boot system flash:c3620-jk9o3s-mz.122-7a.bin
Router1(config)#boot system flash:c3620-jos56i-l.120-11.bin
Router1(config)#boot system slot0:c3620-ik9s-mz.122-13.bin
Router1(config)#boot system rom
Router1(config)#end
注释 boot system命令的顺序非常重要,假如使用新的IOS,建议先进行no boot system的操作。从IOS 12.3(4)T 后思科引入了boot markers的概念,所有的boot systme命令都会放在boot markers之间,比如:
Router1#show running-config include ^boot
boot-start-marker
boot system slot0:c3745-ipbasek9-mz.124-6.T.bin
boot system slot0:c3745-ipbasek9-mz.124-7.bin
boot system flash:
boot-end-marker
Router1#
1.8. 通过网络启动
提问 IOS太大本地Flash无法保存,使用保存在网络上的IOS启动
回答
Router1#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)#boot system tftp c2500-io-l.122-7a.bin 172.25.1.1
Router1(config)#boot system flash
Router1(config)#end
Router1#
注释 无
1.9. 拷贝IOS镜像文件到服务器
提问 保存一份IOS到TFTP服务器作为备份
回答
Freebsd% touch /tftpboot/c2600-ik9o3s-mz.122-12a.bin
Freebsd% chmod 666 /tftpboot/c2600-ik9o3s-mz.122-12a.bin
Freebsd% telnet Router1
Trying 172.25.1.5...
Connected to Router1.
Escape character is '^]'.
User Access Verification
Password: <vtypassword>
Router1>enable
Password: <enablepassword>
Router1#copy flash:c2600-ik9o3s-mz.122-12a.bin tftp
Address or name of remote host []? 172.25.1.1
Destination filename [c2600-ik9o3s-mz.122-12a.bin]? <enter>
!!!!!!
11135588 bytes copied in 52.588 secs (211752 bytes/sec)
Router1#
注释
1.10. 通过控制台口拷贝IOS镜像文件
提问 通过控制台口和AUX端口来加载IOS
回答
Router1#copy xmodem: slot1:
**** WARNING ****
x/ymodem is a slow transfer protocol limited to the current speed
settings of the auxiliary/console ports. The use of the auxilary
port for this download is strongly recommended.
During the course of the download no exec input/output will be
available.
---- ******* ----
Proceed? [confirm] <enter>
Destination filename []? c3620-ik9s-mz.122-12a.bin
Erase slot1: before copying? [confirm] <enter>
Use crc block checksumming? [confirm] <enter>
Max Retry Count [10]: <enter>
Perform image validation checks? [confirm] <enter>
Xmodem download using crc checksumming with image validation
Continue? [confirm] <enter>
Ready to receive file...........CC <start xmodem file transfer here>
4294967295 bytes copied in 1450.848 secs (1271445669961 bytes/sec)
Router1#
注释 思科建议使用AUX口进行此步骤,因为AUX口支持硬件流控。为了提高拷贝速度,建议提前使用下述命令来设置端口速度
Router1#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)#line aux 0
Router1(config-line)#speed 115200
Router1(config-line)#end
Router1#
1.11. 删除Flash中的文件
提问 删除Flash中的文件
回答
Router1#erase slot1:
Erasing the slot1 filesystem will remove all files! Continue? [confirm] <enter>
Erasing device... eeeeeeeeeeee ...erased
Erase of slot1: complete
Router1#
或者删除单个文件
Router1#delete slot1:c3620-ik9s-mz.122-13.bin
Delete filename [c3620-ik9s-mz.122-13.bin]? <enter>
Delete slot1:c3620-ik9s-mz.122-13.bin? [confirm] <enter>
Router1#
注释 并不是所有的路由器都支持erase命令,不行的话可以尝试format命令,有些路由器在使用delete命令以后还可以使用undelete来恢复,同时也需要使用squeeze来彻底删除文件
1.12. 对Flash进行分区
提问 对Flash进行分区
回答
Router1#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)#partition slot1: 2 8 8
Router1(config)#end
Router1#
注释 假如erase不支持也可以试试partition命令
1.13. 配置路由器为TFTP服务器
提问 配置路由器为TFTP服务器
回答
Router1#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)#tftp-server flash:c2600-ik9o3s-mz.122-12a.bin
Router1(config)#end
Router1#
注释 使用此命令并不能把路由器配置为全功能的TFTP服务器,此服务器只能用于文件下载,而不能进行上传
1.14. 在路由器上使用FTP
提问 在路由器上使用FTP来进行文件的下载
回答
Router1#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)#ip ftp username neoshi
Router1(config)#ip ftp password ioscookbook
Router1(config)#end
Router1#copy ftp: running-config
Address or name of remote host [172.25.1.1]? 172.25.1.1
Source filename []? test
Destination filename [running-config]? <enter>
Accessing ftp://172.25.1.1/test...
Loading /test
[OK - 24/4096 bytes]
24 bytes copied in 0.276 secs (87 bytes/sec)
Router1#
当然也可以使用下面的简化命令
copy ftp://neoshi:ioscookbook@172.25.1.1/c3620-ik9s-mz.122-10a.bin slot1:
注释 假如没有指定用户名和密码,路由器缺省会使用匿名登录
1.15. 批量产生路由器配置文件
1.16. 同时改变多台路由器的配置
1.17. 获得设备的硬件信息
1.18. 备份路由器的配置
以上都是使用perl脚本来进行批量化操作,建议使用我推荐的图形话绿色免费工具软件
1.19. 热重启
提问 重启路由器而对业务影响减少到最低
回答
Router1#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)#warm-reboot
Router1(config)#end
Router1#
注释 要使用热启动必须先冷启动一次…无语了吧哈哈。此特性开始于12.3(2)T,根据实验冷启动要比热启动慢4分钟。可以使用reload warm命令进行人工的热重启
1.20. 热升级
提问 升级路由器IOS而对业务影响最小
回答
Router1#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)#warm-reboot
Router1(config)#end
Router1#reload warm file slot0:c3745-ipbasek9-mz.124-7.bin
注释 12.3(11)T开始支持此特性
1.21. 配置存档特性
提问 自动对路由器配置进行存档
回答
Router1#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)#archive
Router1(config-archive)#path slot0:/configs/$h
Router1(config-archive)#write-memory
Router1(config-archive)#time-period 1440
Router1(config-archive)#end
Router1#
注释 从12.3(4)T开始思科引入配置存档特性,每次使用wr对配置进行保存的时候都会在路由器上生成一个存档配置文件,当然也可以像示例那样每1440分钟保存一次,使用show archive命令来显示当前的配置存档,缺省保存14个文件,并且提供了配置比较命令 show archive config differences slot0:/configs/Router1-1 更提供了配置回滚的命令configure replace slot0:/configs/Router1-1 方便的回滚到以前的配置。对于保存的配置文件名可以$h来代表设备主机名$t来代表时间
1.22. 路由器配置锁定
提问 防止同时多个用户对路由器配置文件进行修改
回答
自动进行配置锁定
Router1#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)#configuration mode exclusive auto
Router1(config)#end
Router1#
按需进行配置锁定
Router1#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)#configuration mode exclusive manual
Router1(config)#end
Router1#
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