进入设置对话过程后,路由器首先会显示一些提示信息: --- System Configuration Dialog --- At any point you may enter a question mark ’?’ for help. Use ctrl-c to abort configuration dialog at any PRompt. Default settings are in square brackets ’[]’.
Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes]:
假如按y或回车,路由器就会进入设置对话过程。首先你可以看到各端口当前的状况:
First, would you like to see the current interface summary? [yes]: Any interface listed with OK? value “NO“ does not have a valid configuration Interface ip-Address OK? Method Status Protocol Ethernet0 unassigned NO unset up up Serial0 unassigned NO unset up up ……… ……… … …… … …
然后,路由器就开始全局参数的设置: Configuring global parameters:
1.设置路由器名: Enter host name [Router]:
2.设置进入特权状态的密文(secret),此密文在设置以后不会以明文方式显示: The enable secret is a one-way cryptographic secret used instead of the enable passWord when it exists. Enter enable secret: cisco
3.设置进入特权状态的密码(password),此密码只在没有密文时起作用,并且在设置以后会以明文方式显示: The enable password is used when there is no enable secret and when using older software and some boot images. Enter enable password: pass
1) 设置线路的最高速度: Async line speed [9600]: 2) 是否使用硬件流控: Configure for HW flow control? [yes]: 3) 是否设置modem: Configure for modems? [yes/no]: yes 4) 是否使用默认的modem命令: Configure for default chat script? [yes]: 5) 是否设置异步口的PPP参数: Configure for Dial-in IP SLIP/PPP access? [no]: yes 6) 是否使用动态IP地址: Configure for Dynamic IP addresses? [yes]: 7) 是否使用缺省IP地址: Configure Default IP addresses? [no]: yes 8) 是否使用TCP头压缩: Configure for TCP Header Compression? [yes]: 9) 是否在异步口上使用路由表更新: Configure for routing updates on async links? [no]: y 10) 是否设置异步口上的其它协议。
接下来,系统会对每个接口进行参数的设置。 1.Configuring interface Ethernet0: 1) 是否使用此接口: Is this interface in use? [yes]: 2) 是否设置此接口的IP参数: Configure IP on this interface? [yes]: 3) 设置接口的IP地址: IP address for this interface: 192.168.162.2 4) 设置接口的IP子网掩码: Number of bits in subnet field [0]: Class C network is 192.168.162.0, 0 subnet bits; mask is /24 在设置完所有接口的参数后,系统会把整个设置对话过程的结果显示出来: The following configuration command script was created: hostname Router enable secret 5 $W5Oh$p6J7tIgRMBOIKVXVG53Uh1 enable password pass …………
Router# show controllers e1 e1 0/0 is up. Applique type is Channelized E1 - unbalanced Framing is CRC4, Line Code is HDB3 No alarms detected. Data in current interval (725 seconds elapsed): 0 Line Code Violations, 0 Path Code Violations 0 Slip Secs, 0 Fr Loss Secs, 0 Line Err Secs, 0 Degraded Mins 0 Errored Secs, 0 Bursty Err Secs, 0 Severely Err Secs, 0 Unavail Secs Total Data (last 24 hours) 0 Line Code Violations, 0 Path Code Violations,
以下例子为E1连接3条64K专线, 帧类型为NO-CRC4,非平衡链路,路由器具体设置如下: shanxi#wri t Building configuration...
Current configuration: ! version 11.2 no service udp-small-servers no service tcp-small-servers ! hostname shanxi ! enable secret 5 $1$XN08$Ttr8nfLoP9.2RgZhcBzkk/ enable password shanxi ! ! ip subnet-zero ! controller E1 0 framing NO-CRC4 channel-group 0 timeslots 1 channel-group 1 timeslots 2 channel-group 2 timeslots 3 ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 133.118.40.1 255.255.0.0 media-type 10BaseT ! interface Ethernet1 no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial0:0 ip address 202.119.96.1 255.255.255.252 no ip mroute-cache ! interface Serial0:1 ip address 202.119.96.5 255.255.255.252 no ip mroute-cache ! interface Serial0:2 ip address 202.119.96.9 255.255.255.252 no ip mroute-cache ! no ip classless ip route 133.210.40.0 255.255.255.0 Serial0:0 ip route 133.210.41.0 255.255.255.0 Serial0:1 ip route 133.210.42.0 255.255.255.0 Serial0:2 ! line con 0 line aux 0 line vty 0 4 password shanxi login ! end
二、PPP
PPP(Point-to-Point Protocol)是SLIP(Serial Line IP protocol)的继续者,它提供了跨过同步和异步电路实现路由器到路由器(router-to-router)和主机到网络(host-to-network)的连接。
3. 帧中继point to point配置实例: Router1: interface serial 0 encapsulation frame-relay ! interface serial 0.1 point-to-point ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 frame-reply interface-dlci 105 ! interface serial 0.2 point-to-point ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0 frame-reply interface-dlci 102 ! interface serial 0.3 point-to-point ip address 172.16.4.1 255.255.255.0 frame-reply interface-dlci 104 ! Router2: interface serial 0 encapsulation frame-relay ! interface serial 0.1 point-to-point ip address 172.16.2.2 255.255.255.0 frame-reply interface-dlci 201 ! interface serial 0.2 point-to-point ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0 frame-reply interface-dlci 203 ! 相关调试命令: show frame-relay lmi show frame-relay map show frame-relay pvc show frame-relay route show interfaces serial go top 4. 帧中继 Multipoint 配置实例:
Router1: interface serial 0 encapsulation frame-reply ! interface serial 0.1 multipoint ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.255.0 frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.1 201 broadcast frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.3 301 broadcast frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.4 401 broadcast ! Router2: interface serial 0 encapsulation frame-reply ! interface serial 0.1 multipoint ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.2 102 broadcast frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.3 102 broadcast frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.4 102 broadcast !
四、常用命令
1. 帮助
在IOS*作中,无论任何状态和位置,都可以键入“?”得到系统的帮助。
2. 改变命令状态
任务 命令 进入特权命令状态 enable 退出特权命令状态 disable 进入设置对话状态 setup 进入全局设置状态 config terminal 退出全局设置状态 end 进入端口设置状态 interface type slot/number 进入子端口设置状态 interface type number.subinterface [point-to-point multipoint]
进入线路设置状态 line type slot/number 进入路由设置状态 router protocol 退出局部设置状态 exit
3. 显示命令 任务 命令 查看版本及引导信息 show version 查看运行设置 show running-config 查看开机设置 show startup-config 显示端口信息 show interface type slot/number 显示路由信息 show ip router 4. 拷贝命令 用于IOS及CONFIG的备份和升级
A 1.0.0.0 到126.0.0.0有效 0.0.0.0 和127.0.0.0保留 B 128.1.0.0到191.254.0.0有效 128.0.0.0和191.255.0.0保留 C 192.0.1.0 到223.255.254.0有效 192.0.0.0和223.255.255.0保留 D 224.0.0.0到239.255.255.255用于多点广播 E 240.0.0.0到255.255.255.254保留 255.255.255.255用于广播
定义一个全局地址池 ip nat pool name start-ip end-ip {netmask netmask prefix-length prefix-length} [type rotary]
建立动态地址翻译 ip nat inside source {list {access-list-number name} pool name [overload] static local-ip global-ip}
指定内部和外部端口 ip nat {inside outside}
路由器的Ethernet 0端口为inside端口,即此端口连接内部网络,并且此端口所连接的网络应该被翻译,Serial 0端口为outside端口,其拥有合法IP地址(由NIC或服务提供商所分配的合法的IP地址),来自网络10.1.1.0/24的主机将从IP地址池c2501中选择一个地址作为自己的合法地址,经由Serial 0口访问Internet。命令ip nat inside source list 2 pool c2501 overload中的参数overload,将答应多个内部地址使用相同的全局地址(一个合法IP地址,它是由NIC或服务提供商所分配的地址)。命令ip nat pool c2501 202.96.38.1 202.96.38.62 netmask 255.255.255.192定义了全局地址的范围。
设置如下: ip nat pool c2501 202.96.38.1 202.96.38.62 netmask 255.255.255.192 interface Ethernet 0 ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 ip nat inside ! interface Serial 0 ip address 202.200.10.5 255.255.255.252 ip nat outside ! ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Serial 0 access-list 2 permit 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 ! Dynamic NAT ! ip nat inside source list 2 pool c2501 overload line console 0 exec-timeout 0 0 ! line vty 0 4 end
显示ISDN有关信息 show isdn {active history memory services status [dsl interface-type number] timers}
注:1.交换机类型如下表,国内交换机一般为basic-net3。
按区域分要害字 交换机类型
Australia basic-ts013 Australian TS013 switches Europe basic-1tr6 German 1TR6 ISDN switches basic-nwnet3 Norway NET3 switches (phase 1) basic-net3 NET3 ISDN switches (UK, Denmark, and other nations); covers the Euro-ISDN E-DSS1 signalling system primary-net5 NET5 switches (UK and Europe) vn2 French VN2 ISDN switches vn3 French VN3 ISDN switches Japan ntt Japanese NTT ISDN switches primary-ntt Japanese ISDN PRI switches North America basic-5ess AT&T basic rate switches basic-dms100 NT DMS-100 basic rate switches basic-ni1 National ISDN-1 switches primary-4ess AT&T 4ESS switch type for the U.S. (ISDN PRI only) primary-5ess AT&T 5ESS switch type for the U.S. (ISDN PRI only) primary-dms100 NT DMS-100 switch type for the U.S. (ISDN PRI only) New Zealand basic-nznet3 New Zealand Net3 switches 3. ISDN实现DDR(dial-on-demand routing)实例: 设置如下: Router1: hostname router1 user router2 password cisco ! isdn switch-type basic-net3 ! interface bri 0 ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp dialer map ip 192.200.10.2 name router2 572 dialer load-threshold 80 ppp multilink dialer-group 1 ppp authentication chap ! dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit !
Router2: hostname router2 user router1 password cisco ! isdn switch-type basic-net3 ! interface bri 0 ip address 192.200.10.2 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp dialer map ip 192.200.10.1 name router1 571 dialer load-threshold 80 ppp multilink dialer-group 1
ppp authentication chap ! dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit ! Cisco路由器同时支持回拨功能,我们将路由器Router1作为Callback Server,Router2作为Callback Client。
与回拨相关命令:
任务 命令
映射协议地址和电话号码,并在接口上使用在全局模式下定义的PPP回拨的映射类别。 dialer map protocol address name hostname class classname dial-string
设置如下: Router1: hostname router1 user router2 password cisco ! isdn switch-type basic-net3 ! interface bri 0 ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp dialer map ip 192.200.10.2 name router2 class s3 572 dialer load-threshold 80 ppp callback accept ppp multilink dialer-group 1 ppp authentication chap ! map-class dialer s3 dialer callback-server username dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit ! Router2: hostname router2 user router1 password cisco ! isdn switch-type basic-net3 ! interface bri 0 ip address 192.200.10.2 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp dialer map ip 192.200.10.1 name router1 571 dialer load-threshold 80 ppp callback request ppp multilink dialer-group 1 ppp authentication chap ! dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit ! 相关调试命令: debug dialer debug isdn event debug isdn q921 debug isdn q931 debug ppp authentication debug ppp error debug ppp negotiation debug ppp packet show dialer show isdn status 举例:执行debug dialer命令观察router2呼叫router1,router1回拨router2的过程. router1#debug dialer router2#ping 192.200.10.1
router1# 00:03:50: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:1, changed state to up 00:03:50: BRI0:1PP callback Callback server starting to router2 572 00:03:50: BRI0:1: disconnecting call 00:03:50: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:1, changed state to down 00:03:50: BRI0:1: disconnecting call 00:03:50: BRI0:1: disconnecting call 00:03:51: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:2, changed state to up 00:03:52: callback to router2 already started 00:03:52: BRI0:2: disconnecting call
00:03:52: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:2, changed state to down 00:03:52: BRI0:2: disconnecting call 00:03:52: BRI0:2: disconnecting call 00:04:05: : Callback timer eXPired 00:04:05: BRI0:beginning callback to router2 572 00:04:05: BRI0: Attempting to dial 572 00:04:05: Freeing callback to router2 572 00:04:05: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:1, changed state to up 00:04:05: BRI0:1: No callback negotiated 00:04:05: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Virtual-Access1, changed state to up 00:04:05: dialer Protocol up for Vi1 00:04:06: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface BRI0:1, changed state to up 00:04:06: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Virtual-Access1, chang ed state to up 00:04:11: %ISDN-6-CONNECT: Interface BRI0:1 is now connected to 572 #router1
设定登录263的用户名和口令 ppp pap sent-username 263 password 263
设定默认路由 ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 bri 0
设定符合访问列表2的所有源地址被翻译为bri 0所拥有的地址 ip nat inside source list 2 interface bri 0 overload
设定访问列表2,答应所有协议 access-list 2 permit any
具体配置如下:
hostname Cisco2503 ! isdn switch-type basic-net3 ! ip subnet-zero no ip domain-lookup ip routing ! interface Ethernet 0 ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0 ip nat inside no shutdown ! interface Serial 0 shutdown no description no ip address ! interface Serial 1 shutdown no description no ip address ! interface bri 0 ip address negotiated ip nat outside encapsulation ppp ppp authentication pap callin ppp multilink dialer-group 1 dialer hold-queue 10
dialer string 2633 dialer idle-timeout 120 ppp pap sent-username 263 password 263 no cdp enable no ip split-horizon no shutdown ! ip classless ! ! Static Routes ! ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 bri 0 ! ! Access Control List 2 ! access-list 2 permit any ! dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit ! ! Dynamic NAT ! ip nat inside source list 2 interface bri 0 overload snmp-server community public ro ! line console 0 exec-timeout 0 0 ! line vty 0 4 ! end
〉set system c765 c765〉 set multidestination on c765〉 set switch net3 c765〉 set ppp multilink on c765〉 cd lan c765:LAN〉 set ip routing on c765:LAN〉 set ip address 10.0.0.1 c765:LAN〉 set ip netmask 255.0.0.0 c765:LAN〉 set briding off c765:LAN〉cd c765〉 set user remotenet New user remotenet being created c765:remotenet〉 set ip routing on c765:remotenet〉 set bridging off c765:remotenet〉 set ip framing none c765:remotenet〉 set ppp clientname 263 c765:remotenet〉 set ppp password client Enter new Password: 263 Re-Type new Password: 263 c765:remotenet〉 set ppp authentication out none c765:remotenet〉 set ip address 0.0.0.0 c765:remotenet〉 set ip netmask 0.0.0.0 c765:remotenet〉 set ppp address negotiation local on c765:remotenet〉 set ip pat on c765:remotenet〉 set ip route destination 0.0.0.0/0 gateway 0.0.0.0 c765:remotenet〉 set number 2633 c765:remotenet〉 set active
命令描述如下:
任务 命令 设置路由器系统名称 set system c765
答应路由器呼叫多个目的地 set multidestination on
设置ISDN交换机类型为NET3 set switch net3
答应点到点间多条通道连接实现负载均衡 set ppp multilink on
关掉桥接 set briding off
建立用户预制文件用于设置拨号连接参数- 可以设置多个用户预制文件用于相同的物理端口对应于不同的连接。 set user remotenet
使用PPP/IPCP set ip framing none
设置上网用户帐号 set ppp clientname 263
设置上网口令 set ppp password client Enter new Password: 263 Re-Type new Password: 263
不用PPP/CHAP或PAP做认证 set ppp authentication out none
答应地址磋商 set ppp address negotiation local on
设置地址翻译 set ip pat on
设置默认路由 set ip route destination 0.0.0.0/0 gateway 0.0.0.0
Router: hostname Router enable secret 5 $1$EFqU$tYLJLrynNUKzE4bx6fmH// ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 10.111.4.20 255.255.255.0 ! interface Async1 ip unnumbered Ethernet0 encapsulation ppp keepalive 10 async mode interactive peer default ip address pool Cisco2511-Group-142 ! ip local pool Cisco2511-Group-142 10.111.4.21 10.111.4.36 ! line con 0 exec-timeout 0 0 password cisco ! line 1 16 modem InOut modem autoconfigure discovery flowcontrol hardware ! line aux 0 transport input all line vty 0 4 password cisco ! end
hostname c2522rb ! enable secret 5 $1$J5vn$ceYDe2FwPhrZi6qsIIz6g0 enable password cisco ! username c4700 password 0 cisco ip subnet-zero chat-script cisco-default ““ “AT“ TIMEOUT 30 OK “ATDT /T“ TIMEOUT 30 CONNECT /c chat-script reset atz ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 16.122.51.254 255.255.255.0 no ip mroute-cache ! interface Serial0 backup delay 10 10 backup interface Serial2 ip address 16.250.123.18 255.255.255.252 no ip mroute-cache no fair-queue ! interface Serial1 no ip address no ip mroute-cache shutdown ! interface Serial2 physical-layer async ip address 16.249.123.18 255.255.255.252 encapsulation ppp async mode dedicated dialer in-band dialer idle-timeout 60 dialer map ip 16.249.123.17 name c4700 6825179 dialer-group 1 ppp authentication chap ! interface Serial3 no ip address shutdown no cdp enable ! interface Serial4 no ip address shutdown no cdp enable ! interface Serial5 no ip address no ip mroute-cache shutdown ! interface Serial6 no ip address no ip mroute-cache shutdown ! interface Serial7 no ip address no ip mroute-cache shutdown ! interface Serial8 no ip address no ip mroute-cache shutdown ! interface Serial9 no ip address no ip mroute-cache shutdown ! interface BRI0 no ip address no ip mroute-cache shutdown ! router eigrp 200 network 16.0.0.0 ! ip classless ! dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit ! line con 0 line 2 script dialer cisco-default script reset reset modem InOut modem autoconfigure discovery rxspeed 38400 txspeed 38400 flowcontrol hardware line aux 0 line vty 0 4 password cisco login ! end c2522rb#
ip subnet-zero chat-script cisco-default ““ “AT“ TIMEOUT 30 OK “ATDT /T“ TIMEOUT 30 CONNECT /c chat-script reset atz interface Ethernet0 ip address 202.96.38.100 255.255.255.0 ! interface Serial0 ip address 202.96.0.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation x25 x25 address 10112227 x25 htc 16 x25 map ip 202.96.0.2 10112225 broadcast ! interface Serial1 no ip address shutdown ! ! interface Async 1 ip address 202.96.1.1 255.255.255.252 encapsulation ppp dialer in-band dialer idle-timeout 60 dialer map ip 202.96.1.2 name router2 modem-script cisco-default 2113470 dialer-group 1 ppp authentication chap ! router eigrp 200 redistribute connected network 202.96.0.0 ! ip route 202.96.37.0 255.255.255.0 202.96.1.2 200 dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit line con 0 line aux 0 script dialer cisco-default script reset reset modem InOut modem autoconfigure discovery transport input all rxspeed 38400 txspeed 38400 flowcontrol hardware line vty 0 4 password cisco login ! end
路由器Router2配置如下: hostname router2 ! enable secret 5 $1$T4IU$2cIqak8f/E4Ug6dLT0k.J0 enable password cisco ! username router1 password cisco ip subnet-zero chat-script cisco-default ““ “AT“ TIMEOUT 30 OK “ATDT /T“ TIMEOUT 30 CONNECT /c chat-script reset atz ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 202.96.37.100 255.255.255.0 ! interface Serial0 ip address 202.96.0.2 255.255.255.0 no ip mroute-cache encapsulation x25 x25 address 10112225 x25 htc 16 x25 map ip 202.96.0.1 10112227 broadcast ! interface Serial1 no ip address shutdown ! interface Async1 ip address 202.96.1.2 255.255.255.252 encapsulation ppp keepalive 30 async default routing async mode dedicated dialer in-band dialer idle-timeout 60 dialer wait-for-carrier-time 120 dialer map ip 202.96.1.1 name router1 modem-script cisco-default 2113469 dialer-group 1 ppp authentication chap ! router eigrp 200 redistribute static network 202.96.0.0 ! no ip classless ip route 202.96.38.0 255.255.255.0 202.96.1.1 200
dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit ! line con 0 exec-timeout 0 0 line aux 0 script reset reset modem InOut modem autoconfigure discovery transport input all rxspeed 38400 txspeed 38400 flowcontrol hardware line vty 0 4 password cisco login ! end
九、路由协议
(一)RIP协议
RIP(Routing information Protocol)是应用较早、使用较普遍的内部网关协议(Interior Gateway Protocol,简称IGP),适用于小型同类网络,是典型的距离向量(distance-vector)协议。文档见RFC1058、RFC1723。