key_len的含义
在MySQL中,可以通过explain查看SQL语句所走的路径,如下所示:
mysql> create table t(a int primary key, b int not null, c int not null, index(b)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> explain select b from t ; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t | index | NULL | b | 4 | NULL | 1 | Using index | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
其中,key_len表示使用的索引长度,是以字节为单位。在上面的例子中,由于int型占用4个字节,而索引中只包含了1列,所以,key_len是4。
下面是联合索引的情况:
mysql> alter table t add index ix(b, c);Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> explain select b, c from t ;+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | t | index | NULL | ix | 8 | NULL | 1 | Using index |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
联合索引ix包含了2列,并且都使用到了,所以,这里ken_len是8。
到这里,我们已经可以理解key_len的含义了,似乎已经没有什么可讲的了,但是,MySQL中key_len的计算还有很多需要注意的地方。
例如,我们将b这一列的NOT NULL约束去掉,然后ken_len就和我们预期不一样了,如下所示:
mysql> alter table t modify b int;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> explain select b from t;+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | t | index | NULL | b | 5 | NULL | 1 | Using index |+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
MySQL中key_len计算规则
MySQL中,key_len的计算规则如下:
根据官方文档可以知道,decimal定义为decimal(M,D),其中,M是总的位数,D是小数点后保留的位数。小数点前与小数点后的数字分开存储,且以9位数为1组,用4个字节保存,如果低于9位数,需要的字节数如下:
Leftover Digits Number of Bytes
-----------------------------
|0 |0 |
|1-2 |1 |
|3-4 |2 |
|5-6 |3 |
|7-9 |4 |
-----------------------------
例如:
decimal(20,6)=> 小数点左边14位,小数点右边6位 => 小数点左边分组为5 + 9,需要3个字节+4个字节存储,小数点一个分组,需要3个字节存储 => 总共需要10个字节
decimal(18,9)=> 小数点左边9位数,小数点右边9位数 => 分别使用4个字节存储 => 共需要 8个字节
decimal(18,2)=> 小数点左边16位数,小数点右边2位数 => 分组为7 + 9,需要8个字节存储,小数点右边1个字节存储 => 共需要9个字节
通过key_len分析联合索引
如下所示,我们定义了一个表t,表t包含a、b、c、d共4列:
mysql> show create table t/G*************************** 1. row *************************** Table: tCreate Table: CREATE TABLE `t` ( `a` int(11) NOT NULL, `b` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `c` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `d` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`a`), KEY `ix_x` (`b`,`d`,`c`)) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf81 row in set (0.00 sec)
现在要执行SQL语句如下:
select a from t where b = 5 and d = 10 order by c;
假设我们有一个索引ix_x(b,d,c),通过explain得到如下输出:
mysql> explain select a from t where b = 5 and d = 10 order by c;+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------------+------+--------------------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------------+------+--------------------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | t | ref | ix_x | ix_x | 10 | const,const | 1 | Using where; Using index |+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------------+------+--------------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
可以看到,查询语句使用了联合索引中的b和d两列来过滤数据。
如果我们定义的联合索引不是`ix_x(b,d,c)`,而是`ix_x(b, c, d)`,通过explain得到的输入如下:
mysql> alter table t drop index ix_x;mysql> alter table t add index ix_x(b, c, d);mysql> explain select a from t where b = 5 and d = 10 order by c;+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | t | ref | ix_x | ix_x | 5 | const | 2 | Using where; Using index |+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
key_len为5,也就是说,只用到了联合索引中的第一列,可以看到,虽然联合索引包含了我们要查询的所有列,但是,由于定义的顺序问题,SQL语句并不能够充分利用索引。
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