详解MySQL的主从复制、读写分离、备份恢复

# 3306和3307分别代表2台机器# 打开log-bin,并使server-id不一样#vim /data/3306/my.cnflog-bin = /data/3306/mysql-binserver-id = 1#vim /data/3307/my.cnflog-bin = /data/3307/mysql-binserver-id = 3#检查1、[root@bogon ~]# egrep "log-bin|server-id" /data/3306/my.cnflog-bin = /data/3306/mysql-binserver-id = 1[root@bogon ~]# egrep "log-bin|server-id" /data/3307/my.cnf log-bin = /data/3307/mysql-binserver-id = 32、[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p -S /data/3306/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'log_bin';"Enter password:+--------+--------+| Variable_name | Value |+--------+--------+| log_bin    | ON |  # ON 为开始开启成功+--------+--------+

# 主库授权，允许从库来连接我取日志[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p -S /data/3306/mysql.sockEnter password:# 允许从库192.168.200网段连接，账号rep，密码nick。mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'rep'@'192.168.200.%' identified by 'nick';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> flush privileges;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)# 检查创建的rep账号：mysql> select user,host from mysql.user;+-----+-------------+| user | host       |+-----+--------------+| root | 127.0.0.1     || rep | 192.168.200.%   || root | localhost      || root | localhost.localdomain |+-----+------------------+7  rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> flush table with read lock;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)#5.1、5.5锁表命令略有不同。# 5.1锁表：flush tables with read lock;# 5.5锁表：flush table with read lock;

mysql> show master status;+-------+------+--------+---------+| File       | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB |+-------+------+--------+---------+| mysql-bin.000013 |  410 |       |        |+-------+------+--------+---------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)

[root@bogon ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p -S /data/3306/mysql.sock -A -B --events --master-data=2|gzip >/opt/rep.sql.gzEnter password:参数：  -A：备份所有的#看rep.sql.gz参数vim /opt/rep.sql.gz-- CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.000013', MASTER_LOG_POS=410;

mysql> show master status;+------+------+---------+-------+| File      | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB |+-------+-----+---------+--------+| mysql-bin.000013 |  410 |      |        |+--------+----+---------+--------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> unlock tables;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

[root@bogon ~]# gunzip < /opt/rep.sql.gz | mysql -uroot -p -S /data/3307/mysql.sockEnter password:

[root@bogon ~]# mysql -uroot -p -S /data/3307/mysql.sockEnter password:

mysql> CHANGE MASTER TO   MASTER_HOST='192.168.200.98',   MASTER_PORT=3306,   MASTER_USER='rep',   MASTER_PASSWORD='nick',   MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.000013',   MASTER_LOG_POS=410;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) 

[root@localhost ~]# cd /data/3307/data/[root@localhost data]# cat master.info18mysql-bin.000013410192.168.200.98REPnick330660001800.0000

mysql> start slave;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> show slave status/GRelay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000013       Slave_IO_Running: Yes    #取logo。      Slave_SQL_Running: Yes    #读relay-bin、logo,写数据。Seconds_Behind_Master: 0    #落后主库的秒数。

[root@localhost 3307]# cd /data/3307[root@localhost 3307]# ll总用量 48drwxr-xr-x. 9 mysql mysql 4096 10月 29 18:52 data-rw-r--r--. 1 mysql mysql 1900 10月 29 11:45 my.cnf-rwx------. 1 root root  1307 10月 20 17:06 mysql-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql   6 10月 29 11:00 mysqld.pid-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 15090 10月 29 18:49 mysql_nick3307.errsrwxrwxrwx. 1 mysql mysql   0 10月 29 11:00 mysql.sock-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  150 10月 29 18:49 relay-bin.000001-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  340 10月 29 18:52 relay-bin.000002-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  56 10月 29 18:49 relay-bin.index-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql  53 10月 29 18:52 relay-log.info

[root@localhost 3307]# cat relay-log.info/data/3307/relay-bin.000002340mysql-bin.000013497

[root@localhost 3307]# cat data/master.info18mysql-bin.000013497192.168.200.98repnick330660001800.0000

[root@bogon 3306]# vim my.cnf#添加以下四行replicate-ignore-db = mysqlbinlog-ignore-db = mysqlbinlog-ignore-db = performance_schemabinlog-ignore-db = information_schemaserver-id = 1

#修改配置文件。vim /data/3307/my.cnf[mysqld]read-only#对用户授权事不能指定有super或all privileges权限。不然没效果。#创建账户suoning，并刷新权限。mysql> grant select,insert,update,delete on *.* to 'suoning'@'localhost' identified by '123';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> flush privileges;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)#用创建账户登录，并创建库[root@bogon 3307]# mysql -usuoning -p123 -S /data/3307/mysql.sockmysql> create user kangkangkang@'192.%' identified by 'old123';ERROR 1290 (HY000): The MySQL server is running with the --read-only option so it cannot execute this statement

A. Last_SQL_Errno: 1007stop slave;set global sql_slave_skip_counter = 1;start slave;B.忽略skip-name-resolve    #忽略名字解析slave-skip-errors = 1032,1062,1007  #忽略故障编号server-id = 3

vim my.cnflog-bin = /data/3307/mysql-binlog-slave-updates      #表示从库记录bin-logexpire_logs_days = 7    #保留7天bin-log。

A.查看每个从库的master.info，看谁的更靠前，最新，更大，丢的数据最少。[root@localhost 3307]# cat /data/3307/data/master.infomysql-bin.000015326B.确保所有relay log全部更新完毕。在每个从库上执行stop slave io_thread;show processlist;知道看到Has read all relay log;表示从库更新都执行完毕。C.登陆mysql -uroot -p -S /data/3307/mysql.sockstop slave;reset master;quitD.进入到数据库目录，删除master.info relay-log.infocd /data/3307/data/rm -f master.info relay-log.infoE. 3307提升为主库vim /data/3307/my.cnf开启log-bin = /data/3307/mysql-bin如存在log-slave-updates，read-only等一定要注释。/data/3307/mysql restartF.其它从库操作stop slave;change master to master_host ='192.168.200.98';start slave;show slave status/G

[root@localhost 3307]# vim my.cnf[mysqld]auto_increment_increment    = 2auto_increment_offset      = 2[root@localhost 3307]# ./mysql restart[root@localhost 3306]# vim my.cnf[mysqld]auto_increment_increment    = 2auto_increment_offset      = 1log-bin = /data/3306/mysql-binlog-slave-updates[root@localhost 3306]# ./mysql restart[root@localhost 3306]# mysqldump -uroot -pnick -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -A -B --master-data=1 -x --events > /opt/3307bak.sql[root@localhost 3306]# mysql -uroot -pnick -S /data/3306/mysql.sock < /opt/3307bak.sqlmysql> CHANGE MASTER TO   MASTER_HOST='192.168.200.98',   MASTER_PORT=3307,   MASTER_USER='rep',   MASTER_PASSWORD='nick';mysql> start slave;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> show slave status /G

1>语法：mysqldump –u 用户名 –p 数据库名> 备份的数据库名2>备份nick_defailt数据库，查看内容。[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p -B nick_defailt >/opt/mysql_nick_defailt.bakEnter password:[root@localhost ~]# egrep -v "#|/*|--|^$" /opt/mysql_nick_defailt.bakDROP TABLE IF EXISTS `oldsuo`;CREATE TABLE `oldsuo` ( `id` int(4) NOT NULL, `name` char(20) NOT NULL, `age` tinyint(2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0', `dept` varchar(16) DEFAULT NULL) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;LOCK TABLES `oldsuo` WRITE;INSERT INTO `oldsuo` VALUES (2,'索宁',0,NULL),(3,'索尼',0,NULL),(4,'底底',0,NULL);UNLOCK TABLES;DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `student`;CREATE TABLE `student` ( `qq` varchar(15) DEFAULT NULL, `id` int(4) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `name` char(20) NOT NULL, `suo` int(4) DEFAULT NULL, `age` tinyint(2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0', `dept` varchar(16) DEFAULT NULL, `sex` char(4) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), KEY `index_name` (`name`)) ENGINE=MyISAM AUTO_INCREMENT=8 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;LOCK TABLES `student` WRITE;INSERT INTO `student` VALUES (NULL,2,'oldsuo',NULL,0,NULL,NULL),(NULL,3,'kangknag',NULL,0,NULL,NULL),(NULL,4,'kangkang',NULL,0,NULL,NULL),(NULL,5,'oldsuo',NULL,0,NULL,NULL),(NULL,6,'kangknag',NULL,0,NULL,NULL),(NULL,7,'kangkang',NULL,0,NULL,NULL);UNLOCK TABLES;3>启用压缩备份数据库[root@localhost~]#mysqldump -uroot -p -B nick_defailt|gzip>/opt/mysql_nick_defailt.bak.gzEnter password:[root@localhost ~]# ll /opt/总用量 28-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2109 10月 24 16:36 data_bak.sq2-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2109 10月 24 16:36 data_bak.sql-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1002 10月 27 11:55 mysql_nick_defailt.bak-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1002 10月 27 11:56 mysql_nick_defailt.bak.gz-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3201 10月 27 11:46 mysql_nick_defailt_B.bakdrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 11月 22 2013 rh-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1396 10月 24 16:11 student_bak.sql4>恢复nick_defailt数据库[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p nick_defailt </opt/mysql_nick_defailt.bak Enter password:#加-B恢复方法[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p </opt/mysql_nick_defailt_B.bak        Enter password:5>总结1、备份用-B参数。增加use db,和create database的信息。2、用gzip对备份的数据压缩。

#多个数据库名中间加空格[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p -B nick_defailt oldsuo oldsuo_1|gzip>/opt/mul.sql.gzEnter password:

1>语法：mysqldump -u 用户名 -p 数据库名 表名 > 备份的文件名[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p nick_defailt student >/opt/mysql_nick_defailt_student.bakEnter password:2>语法：mysqldump -u 用户名 -p 数据库名 表名1 表名2 > 备份的文件名[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p nick_defailt student oldsuo >/opt/mysql_nick_defailt.bak    Enter password:

-B指定多个库，增加建库语句和use语句。--compact去掉注释，适合调试输出，生产不用。-A 备份所有库。-F刷新binlog日志。--master-data 增加binlog日志文件名及对应的位置点。-x，--lock-all-tables-l,--locktables-d 只备份表结构-t 只备份数据--single-transaction 适合innodb事务数据库备份。

A：增量恢复必备条件：1.开启MySQL数据库log-bin参数记录binlog日志。[root@localhost 3306]# grep log-bin /data/3306/my.cnflog-bin = /data/3306/mysql-bin2.存在数据库全备。B：生产环境 mysqldump备份命令：# 进行数据库全备，（生产环境还通过定时任务每日凌晨执行）mysqldump -uroot -pnick -S /data/3306/mysql.sock --default-character-set=gbk --single-transaction -F -B nick |gzip >/server/backup/mysql_$(date +%F).sql.gz# innodb引擎备份mysqldump -u$MYUSER -p$MYPASS -S $MYSOCK -F --single-transaction -A -B |gzip >$DATA_FILE# myisam引擎备份mysqldump -u$MYUSER -p$MYPASS -S $MYSOCK -F -A -B --lock-all-tables |gzip >$DATA_FILEC：恢复：# 通过防火墙禁止web等应用向主库写数据或者锁表。让主库暂时停止更新，然后再进行恢复。# 误操作删除nick库！1.检查全备及binlog日志[root@localhost 3306]# cd /server/backup/[root@localhost backup]# gzip -d mysql_2015-10-31.sql.gz[root@localhost backup]# vim mysql_2015-10-31.sql[root@localhost backup]# grep -i "change" mysql_2015-10-31.sql

[root@localhost 3306]# mysqladmin -uroot -pnick -S /data/3306/mysql.sock flush-logs[root@localhost 3306]# cp /data/3306/mysql-bin.000030 /server/backup/#误操作log-bin,倒数第二[root@localhost backup]# mysqlbinlog -d nick mysql-bin.000030 >bin.sql  #导出为.sql格式。[root@localhost backup]# vim bin.sql找到语句drop database nick删除！！！（误操作语句）

[root@localhost backup]# mysql -uroot -pnick -S /data/3306/mysql.sock <mysql_2015-10-31.sql    #恢复之前的数据库全备[root@localhost backup]# mysql -uroot -pnick -S /data/3306/mysql.sock nick < bin.sql#恢复删除误操作语言的bin-log。# 搞定！！！