一、子查询
1、where型子查询
(把内层查询结果当作外层查询的比较条件)
#不用order by 来查询最新的商品select goods_id,goods_name from goods where goods_id = (select max(goods_id) from goods); |
#取出每个栏目下最新的产品(goods_id唯一)select cat_id,goods_id,goods_name from goods where goods_id in(select max(goods_id) from goods group by cat_id); |
2、from型子查询
(把内层的查询结果供外层再次查询)
#用子查询查出挂科两门及以上的同学的平均成绩
思路:
#先查出哪些同学挂科两门以上select name,count(*) as gk from stu where score < 60 having gk >=2;#以上查询结果,我们只要名字就可以了,所以再取一次名字select name from (select name,count(*) as gk from stu having gk >=2) as t;#找出这些同学了,那么再计算他们的平均分select name,avg(score) from stu where name in (select name from (select name,count(*) as gk from stu having gk >=2) as t) group by name; |
3、exists型子查询
(把外层查询结果拿到内层,看内层的查询是否成立)
#查询哪些栏目下有商品,栏目表category,商品表goodsselect cat_id,cat_name from category where exists(select * from goods where goods.cat_id = category.cat_id); |
二、优化
从句式的形式看,子查询分为特殊格式子查询和非特殊格式子查询,特殊格式的子查询中又包括IN、ALL、ANY、SOME、EXISTS等类型的子查询,对于有的类型的子查询,MySQL有的支持优化,有的不支持,具体情况如下。
示例一,MySQL不支持对EXISTS类型的子查询的优化:
EXISTS类型的相关子查询,查询执行计划如下:
mysql> EXPLAIN EXTENDED SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM t2 WHERE t1.a1= t2.a2 AND t2.a2>10); |
+----+--------------------+-------+------+------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | type | key | Extra |+----+--------------------+-------+------+------+-------------+| 1 | PRIMARY | t1 | ALL | NULL | Using where || 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | t2 | ALL | NULL | Using where |+----+--------------------+-------+------+------+-------------+2 rows in set, 2 warnings (0.00 sec) |
被查询优化器处理后的语句为:
/* select#1 */ select `test`.`t1`.`id1` AS `id1`,`test`.`t1`.`a1` AS `a1`, `test`.`t1`.`b1` AS `b1`from `test`.`t1`where exists(/* select#2 */ select 1 from `test`.`t2` where ((`test`.`t1`.`a1` = `test`.`t2`.`a2`) and (`test`.`t2`.`a2` > 10))) |
从查询执行计划看,子查询存在,MySQL没有进一步做子查询的优化工作。
另外的一个EXISTS类型的相关子查询,查询执行计划如下:
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