我们已经看到使用WHERE子句的SQL SELECT命令来从MySQL表获取数据,但是,当我们试图给的条件比较字段或列的值为NULL,它不能正常工作.
为了处理这种情况,MySQL提供了三大运算符.
IS NULL:此运算符返回true,当列的值是NULL.
IS NOT NULL:运算符返回true,当列的值不是NULL.
<=> 操作符比较值(不同于=运算符)为ture,即使两个NULL值.
涉及NULL条件是特殊的,不能使用 =NULL 或 !=NULL 寻找NULL值的列,这种比较总是告诉他们是否是真正的失败,因为这是不可能的,即使是NULL=NULL失败.
如果要查找是或不是NULL的列,请使用IS NULL或IS NOT NULL.
如果你想要寻找值是NULL的列,你不能使用=NULL测试,下列语句不返回任何行,因为对任何表达式.expr = NULL是假的,代码如下:
mysql> SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE phone = NULL;
要想寻找NULL值,你必须使用IS NULL测试,下例显示如何找出NULL电话号码和空的电话号码,代码如下:
mysql> SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE phone IS NULL;
mysql> SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE phone = "";
为了有助于NULL的处理,你能使用IS NULL和IS NOT NULL运算符和IFNULL()函数.
试试下面的例子,代码如下:
- root@host# mysql -u root -p password;
- Enter password:*******
- mysql> use TUTORIALS;
- Database changed
- mysql> create table tcount_tbl
- -> (
- -> tutorial_author varchar(40) NOT NULL,
- -> tutorial_count INT
- -> );
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
- mysql> INSERT INTO tcount_tbl
- -> (tutorial_author, tutorial_count) values ('mahran', 20);
- mysql> INSERT INTO tcount_tbl
- -> (tutorial_author, tutorial_count) values ('mahnaz', NULL);
- mysql> INSERT INTO tcount_tbl
- -> (tutorial_author, tutorial_count) values ('Jen', NULL);
- mysql> INSERT INTO tcount_tbl
- -> (tutorial_author, tutorial_count) values ('Gill', 20);
- mysql> SELECT * from tcount_tbl;
- +-----------------+----------------+
- | tutorial_author | tutorial_count |
- +-----------------+----------------+
- | mahran | 20 |
- | mahnaz | NULL |
- | Jen | NULL |
- | Gill | 20 |
- +-----------------+----------------+
- 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- mysql>
可以看到=和!=不使用NULL值,如下所示:
- mysql> SELECT * FROM tcount_tbl WHERE tutorial_count = NULL;
- Empty set (0.00 sec)
- mysql> SELECT * FROM tcount_tbl WHERE tutorial_count != NULL;
- Empty set (0.01 sec)
要找到,其中tutorial_count列是或不是NULL的记录,查询应该这样写:
- mysql> SELECT * FROM tcount_tbl
- -> WHERE tutorial_count IS NULL;
- +-----------------+----------------+
- | tutorial_author | tutorial_count |
- +-----------------+----------------+
- | mahnaz | NULL |
- | Jen | NULL |
- +-----------------+----------------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- mysql> SELECT * from tcount_tbl
- -> WHERE tutorial_count IS NOT NULL;
- +-----------------+----------------+
- | tutorial_author | tutorial_count |
- +-----------------+----------------+
- | mahran | 20 |
- | Gill | 20 |
- +-----------------+----------------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
子查询 NOT IN 与 NOT EXISTS 中的NULL,有些情况下 NOT IN 形式的子查询返回空结果集,但是将其改写为 NOT EXISTS 形式后则恢复正常,如下所示.
建表,代码如下:
- mysql> CREATE TABLE t2 (col1 int default NULL, col2 int default NULL);
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
- mysql> CREATE TABLE t3 (col1 int default NULL, col2 int default NULL);
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
加入数据,代码如下:
- mysql> INSERT INTO t2 VALUES (1,2),(1,3);
- Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
- Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
- mysql> INSERT INTO t3 VALUES (1,2),(1,NULL);
- Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
- Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
执行如下查询,代码如下:
- mysql> SELECT * FROM t2 WHERE col2 NOT IN (SELECT col2 FROM t3);
- Empty set (0.00 sec)
- mysql> SELECT * FROM t2 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM t3 WHERE t3.col2 = t2.col2); //Vevb.com
- +------+------+
- | col1 | col2 |
- +------+------+
- | 1 | 3 |
- +------+------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
为什么会这样呢?这要从MySQL数据库NULL的特殊性说起:在MySQL中有三种状态:True、False、Unknown,任何NULL的比较操作都是Unknown状态,如下所示:
- mysql> SELECT 1 = NULL, 1 <> NULL, 1 < NULL, 1 > NULL;
- +----------+-----------+----------+----------+
- | 1 = NULL | 1 <> NULL | 1 < NULL | 1 > NULL | //Vevb.com
- +----------+-----------+----------+----------+
- | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
- +----------+-----------+----------+----------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
而且所有的查询条件(ON, WHERE, HAVING)都是将Unknown状态当做False处理,所以第一条查询的查询田间等同于:col2 NOT IN (2, NULL) => col2 <> 2 AND col2 <> NULL => true AND Unknow => Unknow => False.
查询条件永为False,故该查询没有返回结果,而 NOT EXISTS 是循环执行的他首先执行 SELECT 1 FROM t3 WHERE t3.col2 = 2,返回了结果,经 NOT EXISTS 操作后查询条件为 False,故不做任何输出,接下来执行 SELECT 1 FROM t3 WHERE t3.col2 = 3
无返回结果,经 NOT EXISTS 操作后查询条件为 True,于是输出本次查询结果.
所以,如果当一个 NOT IN 子查询没有返回结果的时候,应该特别注意内层查询的结果集是否包含空值,若包含的话,应尝试将查询改写为 NOT EXISTS 形式.
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