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MySQL的搭设和基本的增删改运作

2024-07-24 12:35:16
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  构建MySQL服务器---->CPU,内存,硬盘(存储)
  一、安装MySQL
  yum -y install perl-Data-Dumper perl-JSON perl-Time-HiRes //安装依赖文件
  mysql-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm-bundle.tar
  mysql-community-client-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
  mysql-community-common-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
  mysql-community-devel-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
  mysql-community-embedded-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
  mysql-community-embedded-compat-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
  mysql-community-embedded-devel-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
  mysql-community-libs-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
  mysql-community-libs-compat-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
  mysql-community-minimal-debuginfo-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
  mysql-community-server-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
  mysql-community-test-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
  rpm -Uvh mysql-community-*.rpm //源码包安装
  rpm -qa |grep -i mysql //查看安装玩后状态
  查看配置文件
  ls /etc/my.cnf
  启动服务
  systemctl status mysqld
  systemctl status mysqld
  ps -C mysqld
  netstat -utnalp |grep :3306
 
  数据目录
  ls /var/lib/mysql/
 
  grep mysql /etc/passwd 查看所有者所属组
  修改表
 
  修改MySQL密码
  #ls /var/log/mysqld.log
  #grep password /var/log/mysqld.log查看本地数据库的初始化密码
  #rpm -qf /usr/bin/mysql
  #mysql -hlocalhost -uroot -p‘密码’
  mysql> set global validate_password_policy=0; //修改密码只验证长度
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
  mysql> set global validate_password_length=6; //修改密码长度为6
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
  mysql> alter user user() identified by "123456" //修改登陆密码
 
  使用永久配置文件
  vim /etc/my.cnf
  validate_password_policy=0
  validate_password_length=6
 
  把数据存储到数据库服务器上的过程
  1、连接数据库服务器
  客户端自己提供连接工具(图形 命令行)
  --命令行使用mysql
  2、创建库(文件夹)
  创建库
  --库名可用数字,字母,下划线
  --不能是纯数字,关键词,特殊符号
  create database 库名;
  查看已有库
  show databases;
  删除库
  drop database 库名;
  切换库
  use 库名;
  查看库里已有的表
  show tables; //表,相当于系统文件
  查看当前所在的库
  select database();
 
  3、建表(文件)
  create table 库名.表名(
  字段名 字符类型,
  字段名 数值类型,
  ...... name char(10)
  ...... age int
  );
  插入表记录
  insert into 库名.表名 values(值列表);
 
  查看表结构
  describe 表名
  查看表记录
  select * from 库名.表名
  删除表记录
  delete from 库名.表名
  删除表
  drop table
 
  mysql数据类型
  支持的数据类型有那些?
  --数值型:体重、身高、成绩、工资
  --字符型:姓名、工作单位、通信地址
  --枚举型:兴趣爱好、性别
  --日期时间型:出生日期、注册时间
 
  数值类型:整型、浮点型
  根据存储数值的范围整型类型为:
  tinyint smallint mediumint int bigint
  unsigned 无符号
 
  浮点型:根据存储数值的范围分为
  单精度(n,m) 双精度(n,m)
  n表示总位数
  m表示小数位的位数
  pay float(5,2)
  最大999.99
  最小-999.99
 
  mysql> create table t1(id tinyint unsigned zerofill);
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.40 sec)
  mysql> desc t1;
  +-------+------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +-------+------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | id | tinyint(3) unsigned zerofill | YES | | NULL | |
  +-------+------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
  mysql> create table t2(pay float(7,2));
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.46 sec)
 
  mysql> desc t2;
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | pay | float(7,2) | YES | | NULL | |
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
  mysql> create table t4(
  -> age float(7,2),
  -> high float(3,2)
  -> );
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.36 sec)
 
  mysql> desc t4;
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | age | float(7,2) | YES | | NULL | |
  | high | float(3,2) | YES | | NULL | |
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  insert into t4 values(11211,1.82);
  ###########################################################
  字符类型
  --定长:char(字符数)
  最大长度255字符
  不够指定字符数时再右边用空格补齐
  字符数超出时,无法写入数据
  --varchar(字符数)
  按数据实际大小分配存储空间
  字符数超出时,无法写入数据
  --大文本类型:text/blob
  字符数大与65535存储时使用
  mysql> create table t8(
  -> name char(10),
  -> class char(7),
  -> address char(15),
  -> mail varchar(30)
  -> );
  mysql> desc t8;
  +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | name | char(10) | YES | | NULL | |
  | class | char(7) | YES | | NULL | |
  | address | char(15) | YES | | NULL | |
  | mail | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | |
  +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  mysql> insert into t8 values("jim","nsd1709","beijing","123456@qq.com")
  Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
 
  mysql> select * from t8;
  +------+---------+---------+---------------+
  | name | class | address | mail |
  +------+---------+---------+---------------+
  | jim | nsd1709 | beijing | 123456@qq.com |
  +------+---------+---------+---------------+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
  ####################################################################
  日期时间类型:
  年 year YYYY 2017
  日期 date YYYYMMDD 20171220
  时间 time HHMMSS 155302
  日期时间:
  datetime YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
  timestamp YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
 
  mysql> create table t9(
  -> name char(10),
  -> age tinyint,
  -> s_year year,
  -> uptime time,
  -> birthday date,
  -> party datetime
  -> );
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.37 sec)
 
  mysql> desc t9;
  +----------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +----------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | name | char(10) | YES | | NULL | |
  | age | tinyint(4) | YES | | NULL | |
  | s_year | year(4) | YES | | NULL | |
  | uptime | time | YES | | NULL | |
  | birthday | date | YES | | NULL | |
  | party | datetime | YES | | NULL | |
  +----------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  mysql> insert into t9 values("Tom",24,1992,073000,19920221122020,20180131122100);
  Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.04 sec)
  mysql> select * from t9;
  +------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
  | name | age | s_year | uptime | birthday | party |
  +------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
  | Tom | 24 | 1992 | 07:30:00 | 1992-02-21 | 2018-01-31 12:21:00 |
  +------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
  ####################################################
  时间函数
  now() 获取调用次函数时的系统日期时间
  sysdate() 执行时动态获得系统日期时间
  sleep(N) 休眠N秒
  curdate() 获得当前的系统日期
  curtime() 获得当前的系统时刻
  month() 获得指定时间中的月份
  date() 获得指定时间中的日期
  time() 获取指定时间中的时刻
 
  mysql> select from t9;
  +-------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
  | name | age | s_year | uptime | birthday | party |
  +-------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
  | Tom | 24 | 1992 | 07:30:00 | 1992-02-21 | 2018-01-31 12:21:00 |
  | Jerry | 25 | 1991 | 06:50:55 | 1991-08-19 | 2018-01-31 12:21:00 |
  +-------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  mysql> insert into t9 values("kenji",19,year(now()),time(now()),date(now()),now());
  Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
  mysql> select from t9;
  +-------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
  | name | age | s_year | uptime | birthday | party |
  +-------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
  | Tom | 24 | 1992 | 07:30:00 | 1992-02-21 | 2018-01-31 12:21:00 |
  | Jerry | 25 | 1991 | 06:50:55 | 1991-08-19 | 2018-01-31 12:21:00 |
  | kenji | 19 | 2017 | 03:55:12 | 2017-12-20 | 2017-12-20 03:55:12 |
  +-------+------+--------+----------+------------+---------------------+
  3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  ###########################################################
  枚举类型:字段的值只能在列表的范围内选择
  字段名 enum(值列表) 只能选择一个值,在赋值时可用数字选择。
  字段名 set(值列表) 多选
 
  mysql> create table t12( name char(10), sex enum("boy","girl"), yourlikes set("book","film","game","study") );
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.43 sec)
 
  mysql> desc t12;
  +-----------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +-----------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | name | char(10) | YES | | NULL | |
  | sex | enum('boy','girl') | YES | | NULL | |
  | yourlikes | set('book','film','game','study') | YES | | NULL | |
  +-----------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  mysql> insert into t12 values("ZhouMing","boy","book,film");
  Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
 
  mysql> select * from t12;
  +----------+------+-----------+
  | name | sex | yourlikes |
  +----------+------+-----------+
  | ZhouMing | boy | book,film |
  +----------+------+-----------+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
  ##############################################################
  约束条件:作用限制赋值
  --Null 允许为空,默认设置
  --NO NULL 不允许为空
  Key 索引类型
  Default 设置默认值,缺省为NULL
 
  mysql> create table t13( name char(10) not null, sex enum('man','woman') not null default "man", age tinyint not null default 23 );
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.37 sec)
 
  mysql> desc t13;
  +-------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +-------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | name | char(10) | NO | | NULL | |
  | sex | enum('man','woman') | NO | | man | |
  | age | tinyint(4) | NO | | 23 | |
  +-------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
 
  mysql> insert into t13(name) values("chihiro");
  Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
 
  mysql> select * from t13;
  +---------+-----+-----+
  | name | sex | age |
  +---------+-----+-----+
  | chihiro | man | 23 |
  +---------+-----+-----+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
  #######################################################
  修改表结构
  mysql> alter table 表名 执行动作;
 
  添加新字段
  -add 字段(宽度)约束条件;
  -add 字段(宽度)约束条件 first; //添加至表的最前面
  -add 字段(宽度)约束条件 after 字段名; // 添加至指定字段名的后面
 
  删除字段
  -drop 字段名;
 
  修改字段类型
  -modify 字段 类型(宽度) 约束条件; //不可修改为与已有值冲突的类型
 
  修改字段名
  -change 源字段名 新字段名 类型(宽度) 约束条件;
 
  修改表名
  alter table 源表名 rename 新表名
 
  MySQL
 
  数字类型的宽度是显示宽度,不能够限制给字段赋值的大小,大小由类型决定。
 
  mysql> create table t21(
  -> name char(5),
  -> age int(2)
  -> );
  mysql> insert into t21 values("coco",1992);
  mysql> select * from t21;
  +------+------+
  | name | age |
  +------+------+
  | coco | 1992 |
  +------+------+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
  宽度不能限制字段大小,类型决定。可节约存储空间,age(2)宽度是2,但赋值能大于2
 
  mysql> create table t24(id int(2) zerofill,age int(5) zerofill);
  设定宽度,不够用0填充。(zerofii用0补位)
  mysql> insert into t24 values(7,7);
  mysql> select * from t24;
  +------+-------+
  | id | age |
  +------+-------+
  | 07 | 00007 |
  +------+-------+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
  #################################################################
  一、mysql键值(限制如何给字段赋值)
  1.1 普通索引index
  1.1.1 什么是索引? 类似与“书的目录”树型目录结构
  eg:500页----->目录信息1-20----->正文21-500
 
  1.1.2索引的优点
  加快查询的速度
 
  1.1.2索引的缺点
  减慢写的速度(insert update delete)
  占用物理存储空间
 
  1.1.3使用普通索引index
  -索引使用规则
  字段的值允许重复,可以赋NULL值
  INDEX字段的KEY标志是MUL
 
  -查看索引
  desc 表名;
  show index from 表名; //查看索引信息的具体值
  创建索引
  默认使用的索引类型:BTREE(二叉树) 1-10 1-5 6-10 hash B+Tree
  create index 索引名 on 表名(字段名);
  1)建表时创建索引
  mysql> create table t25(
  -> name char(10),
  -> age int,
  -> sex enum("boy","girl"),
  -> index(sex),
  -> index(name)
  -> );
  mysql> desc t25;
  +-------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +-------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | name | char(10) | YES | MUL | NULL | |
  | age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
  | sex | enum('boy','girl') | YES | MUL | NULL | |
  +-------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  mysql> create index name on t21(name); //一般习惯将索引名与字段名相同
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.42 sec)
  2)在已有表创建索引
  mysql> desc t21;
  +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | name | char(5) | YES | | NULL | |
  | age | int(2) | YES | | NULL | |
  +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  mysql> create index name on t21(name);
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.42 sec)
  ysql> desc t21;
  +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | name | char(5) | YES | MUL | NULL | |
  | age | int(2) | YES | | NULL | |
  +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
 
  mysql> show index from t21/G
  1. row
  Table: t21
  Non_unique: 1
  Key_name: name
  Seq_in_index: 1
  Column_name: name
  Collation: A
  Cardinality: 1
  Sub_part: NULL
  Packed: NULL
  Null: YES
  Index_type: BTREE
  Comment:
  Index_comment:
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
  删除
  drop index 索引名 on 表名;
  ###########################################################
  primary key主键
  注意事项
  -一个表中只能有一个primary key字段
  -对应的字段值不允许有重复,且不允许赋NULL值
  -如果有多个字段都作为PRIMARY KEY,称为复合主键,必须一起创建
  -主键字段的KEY标志是PRI
  通常与AUTO INCREMENT连用
  -经常把表中能够唯一标识记录的字段设置为主键字段【记录编号字段】
  1)已有表设主键
  mysql> drop index name on t25;
  mysql> desc t25;
  +-------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +-------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | name | char(10) | YES | | NULL | |
  | age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
  | sex | enum('boy','girl') | YES | MUL | NULL | |
  +-------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  mysql> select * from t25;
  Empty set (0.00 sec)
  mysql> alter table t25 add primary key(name); //只能有一个主键
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.47 sec)
  Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
  mysql> alter table t25 drop primary key; //删除主键
  2)新建表,设主键
  mysql> create table t26(
  -> name char(10),
  -> age int,
  -> likes set("a","b","c"),
  -> primary key(name)
  -> );
  mysql> desc t26;
  +-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | name | char(10) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
  | age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
  | likes | set('a','b','c') | YES | | NULL | |
  +-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  建表时上例主建加在中间也可以
  eg:name char(10) primary key,
  效果与t26相同
  3)复合主键:多个字段一起做主键,字段不允许同时重复
  mysql> create table t28( cip char(15), port smallint, status enum("allow","deny") default "deny", primary key(cip,port) );
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.31 sec)
 
  mysql> desc t28;
  +--------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +--------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | cip | char(15) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
  | port | smallint(6) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
  | status | enum('allow','deny') | YES | | deny | |
  +--------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  mysql> alter table t28 drop primary key; //删除主键
  mysql> alter table t28 add primary key(cip,port); //添加主键
 
  4)与auto_increment 连用
  字段值自动增长
  eg: id name age class
  jim 21 1709
  让id字段的值自动增长 +1
  条件:主键并且是数字
  mysql> create table t29(
  -> id int(2) zerofill primary key auto_increment,
  -> name char(10),
  -> class char(10),
  -> index(name)
  -> );
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.22 sec)
 
  mysql> desc t29;
  +-------+--------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +-------+--------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
  | id | int(2) unsigned zerofill | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
  | name | char(10) | YES | MUL | NULL | |
  | class | char(10) | YES | | NULL | |
  +-------+--------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
  3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  mysql> insert into t29(name,class) values("tom","1709");
  mysql> insert into t29(name,class) values("jerry","1709");
  mysql> insert into t29 values(9,"jack","1709"); //可自己赋值id,但id属于主键,不能同名
  mysql> insert into t29(name,class) values("rose","1709"); //自动增长会选择数字最大的值进行自动增长,之前设置id=9,再开启自动增长则为10
  mysql> select * from t29;
  +----+-------+-------+
  | id | name | class |
  +----+-------+-------+
  | 01 | tom | 1709 |
  | 02 | jerry | 1709 |
  | 09 | jack | 1709 |
  | 10 | rose | 1709 |
  +----+-------+-------+
  4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  mysql> alter table t29 drop primary key; //无法删除主键,因为id设置为auto_increment自动增长,该命令必须是主键才可设立。
  ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key
  mysql> alter table t29 modify id int; //修改字段类型,取消自动增长
  mysql> alter table t29 drop primary key; //删除主键成功
  Query OK, 4 rows affected (1.00 sec)
  ##########################################################
  UNIQUE唯一索引
  唯一索引不可赋相同值 ,可以为NULL
  1)建表的时候指定UNIQUE字段
  mysql> create table t211( stu_id char(9), name char(10), sex enum("boy","girl"), unique(stu_id) ); 指定学号为唯一索引
  mysql> desc t211;
  +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | stu_id | char(9) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
  | name | char(10) | YES | | NULL | |
  | sex | enum('boy','girl') | YES | | NULL | |
  +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  #########################################################
  mysql> create table t212( stu_id char(9) not NULL, name char(10), sex enum("boy","girl"), unique(stu_id) );
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.26 sec)
  //指定stu_id为唯一索引,但不允许它为空值,则描述信息显示stu_id为RPI,但实际上主键不存在也无法删除
  mysql> desc t212;
  +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | stu_id | char(9) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
  | name | char(10) | YES | | NULL | |
  | sex | enum('boy','girl') | YES | | NULL | |
  +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  #######################################
  练习
  mysql> desc stuinfo
  +-------+-------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +-------+-------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
  | name | varchar(15) | YES | | NULL | |
  | class | char(7) | YES | | NULL | |
  | party | timestamp | NO | | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |
  +-------+-------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
  3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  alter table stuinfo add stu_id char(7) first
  create ubique index stu_id on stuinfo(name)
  alter table stuinfo add id int(2) zerofill primary key auto_increment;
  ###############################################################
  外键
  foreign key(字段名) references 表名(字段名)on uptate cascade on delete cascade 同步更新,同步删除
  作用:限制给字段赋值的,值必须在指定表中指定字段值的范围里选择
  mysql> create table jfb(
  -> id int(2) primary key auto_increment,
  -> name char(10),
  -> pay float(7,2)
  -> )engine=innodb;
  建立参照表
  insert into jfb(name,pay)values("tom",20000),("lucy",20000);
  Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.07 sec)
 
  mysql> create table xsb( num int(2), name char(10), class char(9), foreign key(num) references jfb(id) on update cascade on delete cascade )engine=innodb;
 
  同步修改
  update 表名 set 字段名=值 where 条件; //条件就是原有的(字段名=值)
  同步删除
  delete from 表名 where 条件;
  被参考的表不能随意删除
 
  删除外键字段
  show create table 表名;
  alter table 表名 drop foreign key 外键名;
 
  eg:
 
  本案例要求熟悉MySQL索引的类型及操作方法,主要练习以下任务:
  普通索引、唯一索引、主键索引的创建/删除
  自增主键索引的创建/删除
  建立员工表yg、工资表gz,设置外键实现同步更新与同步删除
  实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。
  步骤一:索引的创建与删除
 
  创建表的时候指定INDEX索引字段
  创建库home:
  mysql> create database home;
  Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
  允许有多个INDEX索引字段。比如,以下操作在home库中创建了tea4表,将其中的id、name作为索引字段:
  mysql> USE home;
  Database changed
  mysql> CREATE TABLE tea4(
  -> id char(6) NOT NULL,
  -> name varchar(6) NOT NULL,
  -> age int(3) NOT NULL,
  -> gender ENUM('boy','girl') DEFAULT 'boy',
  -> INDEX(id),INDEX(name)
  -> );
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.59 sec)
  查看新建tea4表的字段结构,可以发现两个非空索引字段的KEY标志为MUL:
  mysql> DESC tea4;
  +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | id | char(6) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
  | name | varchar(6) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
  | age | int(3) | NO | | NULL | |
  | gender | enum('boy','girl') | YES | | boy | |
  +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  2)删除现有表的某个INDEX索引字段
  比如,删除tea4表中名称为named的INDEX索引字段:
  mysql> drop INDEX name ON tea4; //删除name字段的索引
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.18 sec)
  Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
  mysql> DESC tea4; //确认删除结果
  +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | id | char(6) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
  | name | varchar(6) | NO | | NULL | |
  | age | int(3) | NO | | NULL | |
  | gender | enum('boy','girl') | YES | | boy | |
  +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  3)在已有的某个表中设置INDEX索引字段
  比如,针对tea4表的age字段建立索引,名称为 nianling:
  mysql> CREATE INDEX nianling ON tea4(age); //针对指定字段创建索引
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.62 sec)
  Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
  mysql> DESC tea4; //确认创建结果
  +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | id | char(6) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
  | name | varchar(6) | NO | | NULL | |
  | age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
  | gender | enum('boy','girl') | YES | | boy | |
  +--------+--------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  4)查看指定表的索引信息
  使用SHOW INDEX 指令:
  mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM tea4/G
  1. row
  Table: tea4
  Non_unique: 1
  Key_name: id
  Seq_in_index: 1
  Column_name: id
  Collation: A
  Cardinality: 0
  Sub_part: NULL
  Packed: NULL
  Null:
  Index_type: BTREE //使用B树算法
  Comment:
  Index_comment:
  2. row
  Table: tea4
  Non_unique: 1
  Key_name: nianling //索引名称
  Seq_in_index: 1
  Column_name: age //字段名称
  Collation: A
  Cardinality: 0
  Sub_part: NULL
  Packed: NULL
  Null:
  Index_type: BTREE
  Comment:
  Index_comment:
  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  5)创建表的时候指定UNIQUE索引字段
  UNIQUE表示唯一性的意思,同一个表中可以有多个字段具有唯一性。
  比如,创建tea5表,将id、name字段建立设置UNIQUE索引,age字段设置INDEX索引:
  mysql> CREATE TABLE tea5(
  -> id char(6),
  -> name varchar(4) NOT NULL,
  -> age int(3) NOT NULL,
  -> UNIQUE(id),UNIQUE(name),INDEX(age)
  -> );
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.30 sec)
  查看新建tea5表的字段结构,可发现UNIQUE字段的KEY标志为UNI;另外,由于字段name必须满足“NOT NULL”的非空约束,所以将其设置为UNIQUE后会自动变成了PRIMARY KEY主键字段:
  mysql> DESC tea5; //确认设置结果
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | id | char(6) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
  | name | varchar(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
  | age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  3 rows in set (0.03 sec)
  6)删除UNIQUE索引、在已有的表中设置UNIQUE索引字段
  先删除tea5表name字段的唯一索引(与删除INDEX索引的方法相同):
  mysql> DROP INDEX name ON tea5; //清除UNIQUE索引
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.97 sec)
  Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
  mysql> DESC tea5; //确认删除结果
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | id | char(6) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
  | name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | |
  | age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  重新为tea5表的name字段建立UNIQUE索引,并确认结果:
  mysql> CREATE UNIQUE INDEX name ON tea5(name); //建立UNIQUE索引
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.47 sec)
  Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
  mysql> DESC tea5; //确认设置结果
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | id | char(6) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
  | name | varchar(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
  | age | int(3) | NO | MUL | NULL | |
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  7)建表时设置PRIMARY KEY主键索引
  主键索引实际上在前面已经接触过了,建表的时候可以直接指定。如果表内一开始没有主键字段,则新设置的非空UNIQUE字段相当于具有PRIMARY KEY主键约束。
  每个表中的主键字段只能有一个。
  建表的时候,可以直接在某个字段的“约束条件”部分指定PRIMARY KEY;也可以在最后指定PRIMARY KEY(某个字段名)。比如:
  mysql> CREATE TABLE biao01(
  -> id int(4) PRIMARY KEY, //直接在字段定义时约束
  -> name varchar(8)
  -> );
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.19 sec)
  或者:
  mysql> CREATE TABLE biao02(
  -> id int(4),
  -> name varchar(8),
  -> PRIMARY KEY(id) //所有字段定义完,最后指定
  -> );
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec)
  在建表的时候,如果主键字段为int类型,还可以为其设置AUTO_INCREMENT自增属性,这样当添加新的表记录时,此字段的值会自动从1开始逐个增加,无需手动指定。比如,新建一个tea6表,将id列作为自增的主键字段:
  mysql> CREATE TABLE tea6(
  -> id int(4) AUTO_INCREMENT,
  -> name varchar(4) NOT NULL,
  -> age int(2) NOT NULL,
  -> PRIMARY KEY(id)
  -> );
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.29 sec)
  8)删除现有表的PRIMARY KEY主键索引
  如果要移除某个表的PRIMARY KEY约束,需要通过ALTER TABLE指令修改。比如,以下操作将清除biao01表的主键索引。
  清除前(主键为id):
  mysql> DESC biao01;
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
  | name | varchar(8) | YES | | NULL | |
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  清除操作:
  mysql> ALTER TABLE biao01 DROP PRIMARY KEY;
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.49 sec)
  Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
  清除后(无主键):
  mysql> DESC biao01;
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | id | int(4) | NO | | NULL | |
  | name | varchar(8) | YES | | NULL | |
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  当尝试删除tea6表的主键时,会出现异常:
  mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 DROP PRIMARY KEY;
  ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key
  这是因为tea6表的主键字段id具有AUTO_INCREMNET自增属性,提示这种字段必须作为主键存在,因此若要清除此主键必须先清除自增属性——修改id列的字段定义:
  mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 MODIFY id int(4) NOT NULL;
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.75 sec)
  Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
  然后再清除主键属性就OK了:
  mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 DROP PRIMARY KEY; //清除主键
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.39 sec)
  Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
  mysql> desc tea6; //确认清除结果
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | id | int(4) | NO | | NULL | |
  | name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | |
  | age | int(2) | NO | | NULL | |
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
  9)为现有表添加PRIMARY KEY主键索引
  重新为tea6表指定主键字段,仍然使用id列:
  mysql> ALTER TABLE tea6 ADD PRIMARY KEY(id); //设置主键字段
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.35 sec)
  Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
  mysql> DESC tea6; //确认设置结果
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  | id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
  | name | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | |
  | age | int(2) | NO | | NULL | |
  +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
  3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  步骤二:创建数据库并设置外键实现同步更新与同步删除
 
  根据实验任务要求,两个表格的字段结构如表-1、表-2所示。
  1)创建yg表,用来记录员工工号、姓名
  其中yg_id列作为主键,并设置自增属性
  mysql> CREATE TABLE yg(
  -> yg_id int(4) AUTO_INCREMENT,
  -> name char(16) NOT NULL,
  -> PRIMARY KEY(yg_id)
  -> );
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.15 sec)
  2)创建gz表,用来记录员工的工资信息
  其中gz_id需要参考员工工号,即gz表的gz_id字段设为外键,将yg表的yg_id字段作为参考键:
  mysql> CREATE TABLE gz(
  -> gz_id int(4) NOT NULL,
  -> name char(16) NOT NULL,
  -> gz float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
  -> INDEX(name),
  -> FOREIGN KEY(gz_id) REFERENCES yg(yg_id)
  -> ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE
  -> );
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.23 sec)
  3)为yg表添加2条员工信息记录
  因yg_id有AUTO_INCREMENT属性,会自动填充,所以只要为name列赋值就可以了。
  插入表记录可使用INSERT指令,这里先执行下列操作,具体在下一章学习:
  mysql> INSERT INTO yg(name) VALUES('Jerry'),('Tom');
  Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.16 sec)
  Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
  确认yg表的数据记录:
  mysql> SELECT FROM yg;
  +-------+-------+
  | yg_id | name |
  +-------+-------+
  | 1 | Jerry |
  | 2 | Tom |
  +-------+-------+
  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  4)为gz表添加2条工资信息记录
  同上,数据参考图-2,插入相应的工资记录(gz_id字段未指定默认值,也未设置自增属性,所以需要手动赋值):
  mysql> INSERT INTO gz(gz_id,name,gz)
  -> VALUES(1,'Jerry',12000),(2,'Tom',8000)
  -> ;
  Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.06 sec)
  Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
  确认gz表的数据记录:
  mysql> SELECT FROM gz;
  +-------+-------+----------+
  | gz_id | name | gz |
  +-------+-------+----------+
  | 1 | Jerry | 12000.00 |
  | 2 | Tom | 8000.00 |
  +-------+-------+----------+
  2 rows in set (0.05 sec)
  5)验证表记录的UPDATE更新联动
  将yg表中Jerry用户的yg_id修改为1234:
  mysql> update yg SET yg_id=1234 WHERE name='Jerry';
  Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
  Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
  确认修改结果:
  mysql> SELECT FROM yg;
  +-------+-------+
  | yg_id | name |
  +-------+-------+
  | 2 | Tom |
  | 1234 | Jerry |
  +-------+-------+
  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  同时也会发现,gz表中Jerry用户的gz_id也跟着变了:
  mysql> SELECT FROM gz;
  +-------+-------+----------+
  | gz_id | name | gz |
  +-------+-------+----------+
  | 1234 | Jerry | 12000.00 |
  | 2 | Tom | 8000.00 |
  +-------+-------+----------+
  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  6)验证表记录的DELETE删除联动
  删除yg表中用户Jerry的记录:
  mysql> DELETE FROM yg WHERE name='Jerry';
  Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
  确认删除结果:
  mysql> SELECT FROM yg;
  +-------+------+
  | yg_id | name |
  +-------+------+
  | 2 | Tom |
  +-------+------+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
  查看gz表中的变化(Jerry的记录也没了):
  mysql> SELECT FROM gz;
  +-------+------+---------+
  | gz_id | name | gz |
  +-------+------+---------+
  | 2 | Tom | 8000.00 |
  +-------+------+---------+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
  7)删除指定表的外键约束
  先通过SHOW指令获取表格的外键约束名称:
  mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE gz/G
  1. row
  Table: gz
  Create Table: CREATE TABLE gz (
  gz_id int(4) NOT NULL,
  name char(16) NOT NULL,
  gz float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0.00',
  KEY name (name),
  KEY gz_id (gz_id),
  CONSTRAINT gz_ibfk_1 FOREIGN KEY (gz_id) REFERENCES yg (yg_id) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE
  ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
  其中gz_ibfk_1即删除外键约束时要用到的名称。
  删除操作:
  mysql> ALTER TABLE gz DROP FOREIGN KEY gz_ibfk_1;
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
  Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
  确认删除结果:
  mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE gz/G
  1. row
  Table: gz
  Create Table: CREATE TABLE gz (
  gz_id int(4) NOT NULL,
  name char(16) NOT NULL,
  gz float(7,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0.00',
  KEY name (name),
  KEY gz_id (gz_id)
  ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
  ##################################################
 
  MySQL存储引擎
 
  mysql服务体系结构:(8个功能模块)
  连接池
  sql接口
  分析器
  优化器
  查询缓存
  存储引擎
  文件系统
  查看数据库服务支持的存储引擎
  mysql> show engines;
 
  设置默认存储引擎
  vim /etc/my.cnf
  [mysqld]
  ... ...
  default-storage-engine=InnoDB
  常用的存储引擎为InnoDB和MyISAM
 
  create table 表名(约束条件) ENGINE=存储引擎名
 
  常用存储引擎的特点
  MyISAM
  表.MYI 索引信息
  表.MYD 数据
  表.frm 表结构
  支持表级锁(锁一张表)
  不支持事务 事务回滚
 
  InnoDB存储引擎
  表.idb 索引信息+数据
  表.frm 表结构
  支持行级锁(只给当前被访问的行加锁)
  支持事务 事务回滚
 
  MySQL锁机制
  锁粒度:表级锁、行级锁、页级锁
  锁类型:读锁(select)和写锁(insert delete update)

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