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MySQL CHAR和VARCHAR数据类型介绍

2024-07-24 12:34:47
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  CHAR类型是固定长度的,长度范围为0到255。如果存储的值不覆盖字段长度,存储数据的其他的部分会在值的右边自动添加空格。
 
  VARCHAR字段中的值是可变长度的字符串,长度范围为0到65535。VARCHAR字段的值以1字节或2字节的长度前缀加上数据的方式存储。长度前缀指示了字段存储的字节数,如果一个字段存储的值不超过255字节,它使用一个长度前缀,如果字段存储的值超过了255字节,它使用两个长度前缀。
 
  如果没有启用严格SQL模式,分配给CHAR或VARCHAR字段超过字段最大长度的值,这个值会被截断保存到数据库中,并会产生一个警告。对于VARCHAR字段来说,不管使用什么样的SQL模式,分配给VARCHAR字段超过字段最大长度的值,在值插入前,超过字段最大长度的部分会被截断,并会产生一个警告。对于CHAR字段来说,不管使用什么样的SQL模式,超过字段最大长度的部分会被截断,并隐式插入到数据库中。
 
  --测试①
 
  MariaDB [test]> show variables like '%sql%mode%';
  +---------------+--------------------------------------------+
  | Variable_name | Value                                      |
  +---------------+--------------------------------------------+
  | sql_mode      | NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION |
  +---------------+--------------------------------------------+
  1 row in set (0.26 sec)
 
  MariaDB [test]> drop table vc;
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
 
  MariaDB [test]> CREATE TABLE vc (v VARCHAR(4), c CHAR(4));
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.54 sec)
 
  MariaDB [test]> INSERT INTO vc VALUES ('ab  ', 'ab  ');
  Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)
 
  --查看插入的数据中是否保留空格
 
  MariaDB [test]> SELECT CONCAT('(', v, ')'), CONCAT('(', c, ')') FROM vc;
  +---------------------+---------------------+
  | CONCAT('(', v, ')') | CONCAT('(', c, ')') |
  +---------------------+---------------------+
  | (ab  )              | (ab)                |
  +---------------------+---------------------+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
  MariaDB [test]> select length(v),length(c) from vc;
  +-----------+-----------+
  | length(v) | length(c) |
  +-----------+-----------+
  |         4 |         2 |
  +-----------+-----------+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
  --插入超过字段最大值的数据到表中
 
  MariaDB [test]> insert into vc values('abcdefg','abcedeg');
  Query OK, 1 row affected, 2 warnings (0.03 sec)
 
  MariaDB [test]> show warnings;
  +---------+------+----------------------------------------+
  | Level   | Code | Message                                |
  +---------+------+----------------------------------------+
  | Warning | 1265 | Data truncated for column 'v' at row 1 |
  | Warning | 1265 | Data truncated for column 'c' at row 1 |
  +---------+------+----------------------------------------+
  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
 
  MariaDB [test]> select * from vc;
  +------+------+
  | v    | c    |
  +------+------+
  | ab   | ab   |
  | abcd | abce |
  +------+------+
  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
 
  --测试②
 
  MariaDB [test]> CREATE TABLE names (myname CHAR(10));
  Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.13 sec)
 
  MariaDB [test]> INSERT INTO names VALUES ('Monty');
  Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
 
  --查看表中数据在WHERE条件中使用=的条件中带空格的执行情况
 
  MariaDB [test]> SELECT myname = 'Monty', myname = 'Monty  ' FROM names;
  +------------------+--------------------+
  | myname = 'Monty' | myname = 'Monty  ' |
  +------------------+--------------------+
  |                1 |                  1 |
  +------------------+--------------------+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
  MariaDB [test]> SELECT * FROM names;
  +--------+
  | myname |
  +--------+
  | Monty  |
  +--------+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
  MariaDB [test]> select length(myname) from names;
  +----------------+
  | length(myname) |
  +----------------+
  |              5 |
  +----------------+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
  MariaDB [test]> SELECT * FROM names where myname = 'Monty';
  +--------+
  | myname |
  +--------+
  | Monty  |
  +--------+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
  MariaDB [test]> SELECT * FROM names where myname = 'Monty ';
  +--------+
  | myname |
  +--------+
  | Monty  |
  +--------+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
  MariaDB [test]> SELECT * FROM names where myname = 'Monty  ';
  +--------+
  | myname |
  +--------+
  | Monty  |
  +--------+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
  MariaDB [test]> SELECT * FROM names where myname = 'Monty   ';
  +--------+
  | myname |
  +--------+
  | Monty  |
  +--------+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
  MariaDB [test]> SELECT * FROM names where myname = 'Monty    ';
  +--------+
  | myname |
  +--------+
  | Monty  |
  +--------+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
  MariaDB [test]> SELECT * FROM names where myname = 'Monty     ';
  +--------+
  | myname |
  +--------+
  | Monty  |
  +--------+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
  MariaDB [test]> SELECT * FROM names where myname = 'Monty      ';
  +--------+
  | myname |
  +--------+
  | Monty  |
  +--------+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
  MariaDB [test]> SELECT * FROM names where myname = 'Monty       ';
  +--------+
  | myname |
  +--------+
  | Monty  |
  +--------+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
  --查看表中的数据在like条件下的执行情况
 
  MariaDB [test]> SELECT myname LIKE 'Monty', myname LIKE 'Monty  ' FROM names;
  +---------------------+-----------------------+
  | myname LIKE 'Monty' | myname LIKE 'Monty  ' |
  +---------------------+-----------------------+
  |                   1 |                     0 |
  +---------------------+-----------------------+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
  MariaDB [test]> SELECT * FROM names where myname like '%Monty%';
  +--------+
  | myname |
  +--------+
  | Monty  |
  +--------+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
  MariaDB [test]> SELECT * FROM names where myname like 'Monty%';
  +--------+
  | myname |
  +--------+
  | Monty  |
  +--------+
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
  MariaDB [test]> SELECT * FROM names where myname like 'Monty %';
  Empty set (0.00 sec)
 
  MariaDB [test]> SELECT * FROM names where myname like 'Monty  %';
  Empty set (0.00 sec)
 
  MariaDB [test]> SELECT * FROM names where myname like 'Monty   %';
  Empty set (0.00 sec)

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