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JDK5.0的11个主要新特征

2024-07-21 02:14:49
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1  泛型(generic)

  1.1 说明

  增强了java的类型安全,可以在编译期间对容器内的对象进行类型检查,在运行期不必进行类型的转换。而在j2se5之前必须在运行期动态进行容器内对象的检查及转换

  减少含糊的容器,可以定义什么类型的数据放入容器

arraylist<integer> listofintegers; // <type_name> is new to the syntax
integer integerobject;
listofintegers = new arraylist<integer>(); // <type_name> is new to the syntax
listofintegers.add(new integer(10)); // 只能是integer类型
integerobject = listofintegers.get(0); // 取出对象不需要转换

  1.2   用法

  声明及实例化泛型类:

hashmap<string,float> hm = new hashmap<string,float>();
file://不能使用原始类型
genlist<int> nlist = new genlist<int>();  file://编译错误

  j2se 5.0目前不支持原始类型作为类型参数(type parameter)

  定义泛型接口:

public interface geninterface<t> {

    void func(t t);
}

  定义泛型类:

public class arraylist<itemtype> { ... }

public class genmap<t, v> { ... }

  例1:

public class mylist<element> extends linkedlist<element>

{
       public void swap(int i, int j)
       {
              element temp = this.get(i);
              this.set(i, this.get(j));
              this.set(j, temp);
       }

       public static void main(string[] args)
       {
              mylist<string> list = new mylist<string>();
              list.add("hi");
              list.add("andy");
              system.out.println(list.get(0) + " " + list.get(1));
              list.swap(0,1);
              system.out.println(list.get(0) + " " + list.get(1));
       }
}

  例2:

public class genlist <t>{

       private t[] elements;
       private int size = 0;
       private int length = 0;

       public genlist(int size) {
              elements = (t[])new object[size];
              this.size = size;
       }

       public t get(int i) {
              if (i < length) {
                     return elements[i];
              }
              return null;
       }

       public void add(t e) {
              if (length < size - 1)
                     elements[length++] = e;
       }
}

  泛型方法:

public class testgenerics{

       public <t> string getstring(t obj) { file://实现了一个泛型方法
              return obj.tostring();
       }

       public static void main(string [] args){
              testgenerics t = new testgenerics();
              string s = "hello";
              integer i = 100;
              system.out.println(t.getstring(s));
              system.out.println(t.getstring(i));
              }
}

  1.3 受限泛型

  受限泛型是指类型参数的取值范围是受到限制的. extends关键字不仅仅可以用来声明类的继承关系, 也可以用来声明类型参数(type parameter)的受限关系.例如, 我们只需要一个存放数字的列表, 包括整数(long, integer, short), 实数(double, float), 不能用来存放其他类型, 例如字符串(string), 也就是说, 要把类型参数t的取值泛型限制在number极其子类中.在这种情况下, 我们就可以使用extends关键字把类型参数(type parameter)限制为数字

  示例

public class limited<t extends number> {

       public static void main(string[] args) {
              limited<integer> number;   file://正确
              limited<string> str;       file://编译错误
       }
}

  1.4  泛型与异常

  类型参数在catch块中不允许出现,但是能用在方法的throws之后。例:

import java.io.*;

interface executor<e extends exception> {
       void execute() throws e;
}

public class genericexceptiontest {
       public static void main(string args[]) {
              try {
                     executor<ioexception> e = new executor<ioexception>() {
                            public void execute() throws ioexception{
                                   // code here that may throw an
                                   // ioexception or a subtype of
                                   // ioexception
                            }
                            };
                     e.execute();
              } catch(ioexception ioe) {
                     system.out.println("ioexception: " + ioe);
                     ioe.printstacktrace();
              }
       }
}

  1.5 泛型的通配符"?"

  "?"可以用来代替任何类型, 例如使用通配符来实现print方法。

public static void print(genlist<?> list) {})


 

  1.6  泛型的一些局限型

  不能实例化泛型

t t = new t(); file://error


 

  不能实例化泛型类型的数组

t[] ts= new t[10];   file://编译错误


 

  不能实例化泛型参数数

pair<string>[] table = new pair<string>(10); // error


 

  类的静态变量不能声明为类型参数类型

public class genclass<t> {

     private static t t;    file://编译错误
}

  泛型类不能继承自throwable以及其子类

public genexpection<t> extends exception{}    file://编译错误


 

  不能用于基础类型int等

pair<double> file://error

pair<double> file://right

2 增强循环(enhanced for loop)

  旧的循环

linkedlist list = new linkedlist(); 

list.add("hi");
list.add("everyone!");
list.add("was");
list.add("the");
list.add("pizza");
list.add("good?");
for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++)
       system.out.println((string) list.get(i));
file://或者用以下循环
file://for(iterator iter = list.iterator(); iter.hasnext(); ) {
file://integer stringobject = (string)iter.next();
// ... more statements to use stringobject...
file://}

  新的循环

linkedlist<string> list = new linkedlist<string>(); 

list.add("hi");
list.add("everyone!");
list.add("was");
list.add("the");
list.add("pizza");
list.add("good?"); 
for (string s : list)
       system.out.println(s);

  很清晰、方便,一看便知其用法

3 可变参数(variable arguments)

  实现了更灵活的方法参数传入方式,system.out.printf是个很好的例子

  用法:void test(object … args)

  一个很容易理解的例子

public static int add(int ... args){

       int total = 0;    
       for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++)
              total += args[i];      
       return total;
}
public static void main(string[] args){
       int a;
       a = varargs.add(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10);
       system.out.println(a);
}

4 自动实现装箱和解箱操作(boxing/unboxing conversions)

  说明:实现了基本类型与外覆类之间的隐式转换。基本类型至外覆类的转换称为装箱,外覆类至基本类型的转换为解箱。这些类包括

primitive type     reference type
boolean           boolean
byte              byte
char              character
short             short
int               integer
long              long
float              float
double            double

  例如,旧的实现方式

integer intobject;

int intprimitive;
arraylist arraylist = new arraylist();
intprimitive = 11;
intobject = new integer(intprimitive);
arraylist.put(intobject); // 不能放入int类型,只能使integer

  新的实现方式

int intprimitive;

arraylist arraylist = new arraylist();
intprimitive = 11;
file://在这里intprimitive被自动的转换为integer类型
arraylist.put(intprimitive);

5 静态导入(static imports)

  很简单的东西,看一个例子:

  没有静态导入

math.sqrt(math.pow(x, 2) + math.pow(y, 2));


 

  有了静态导入

import static java.lang.math.*;

sqrt(pow(x, 2) + pow(y, 2));

   其中import static java.lang.math.*;就是静态导入的语法,它的意思是导入math类中的所有static方法和属性。这样我们在使用这些方法和属性时就不必写类名。

  需要注意的是默认包无法用静态导入,另外如果导入的类中有重复的方法和属性则需要写出类名,否则编译时无法通过。

6 枚举类(enumeration classes)

  用法:public enum name {types, ….}

  简单的例子:

public enum colors {red, yellow, blue, orange, green, purple, brown, black}

public static void main(string[] args){
    colors mycolor = colors.red;
    system.out.println(mycolor);
}

  又一个简单例子:

import java.util.*;

enum operatingsystems {windows, unix, linux, macintosh}
public class enumexample1 {
    public static void main(string args[])  {
        operatingsystems os;
        os = operatingsystems.windows;
        switch(os) {
            case windows:
                system.out.println(“you chose windows!”);
                break;
            case unix:
                system.out.println(“you chose unix!”);
                break;
            case linux:
                system.out.println(“you chose linux!”);
                break;
            case macintosh:
                system.out.println(“you chose macintosh!”);
                break;
            default:
                system.out.println(“i don’t know your os.”);
                break;
        }
    }
}

  应运enum简写的例子:

import java.util.*;

public class enumtest
{
   public static void main(string[] args)
   {
      scanner in = new scanner(system.in);
      system.out.print("enter a size: (small, medium, large, extra_large) ");
      string input = in.next().touppercase();
      size size = enum.valueof(size.class, input);
      system.out.println("size=" + size);
      system.out.println("abbreviation=" + size.getabbreviation());
      if (size == size.extra_large)
         system.out.println("good job--you paid attention to the _.");
   }
}

enum size
{
   small("s"), medium("m"), large("l"), extra_large("xl");

   private size(string abbreviation) { this.abbreviation = abbreviation; }
   public string getabbreviation() { return abbreviation; }
   private string abbreviation;
}

  enum类中拥有方法的一个例子:

enum programflags {

    showerrors(0x01),
    includefileoutput(0x02),
    usealternateprocessor(0x04);
    private int bit;
    programflags(int bitnumber) {
        bit = bitnumber;
    }
    public int getbitnumber()   {
        return(bit);
    }
}
public class enumbitmapexample {
    public static void main(string args[])  {
        programflags flag = programflags.showerrors;
        system.out.println(“flag selected is: “ +
        flag.ordinal() +
        “ which is “ +
        flag.name());
    }
}

7  元数据(meta data)

  请参考

  http://www-900.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/java/j-annotate1/

  http://www-900.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/java/j-annotate2.shtml

8 building strings(stringbuilder类)

   在jdk5.0中引入了stringbuilder类,该类的方法不是同步(synchronized)的,这使得它比stringbuffer更加轻量级和有效。

9 控制台输入(console input)

  在jdk5.0之前我们只能通过joptionpane.showinputdialog进行输入,但在5.0中我们可以通过类scanner在控制台进行输入操作

   例如在1.4中的输入

string input = joptionpane.showinputdialog(prompt);

int n = integer.parseint(input);
double x = double.parsedouble(input);
s = input;

  在5.0中我们可以

scanner in = new scanner(system.in);

system.out.print(prompt);
int n = in.nextint();
double x = in.nextdouble();
string s = in.nextline();

10      covariant return types(不晓得怎么翻译,大概是 改变返回类型)

  jdk5之前我们覆盖一个方法时我们无法改变被方法的返回类型,但在jdk5中我们可以改变它

  例如1.4中我们只能

public object clone() { ... }

...
employee cloned = (employee) e.clone();

  但是在5.0中我们可以改变返回类型为employee

public employee clone() { ... }

...
employee cloned = e.clone();

11 格式化i/o(formatted i/o)

  增加了类似c的格式化输入输出,简单的例子:

public class testformat{

    public static void main(string[] args){
        int a = 150000, b = 10;
        float c = 5.0101f, d = 3.14f;
        system.out.printf("%4d %4d%n", a, b);
        system.out.printf("%x %x%n", a, b);
        system.out.printf("%3.2f %1.1f%n", c, d);
        system.out.printf("%1.3e %1.3e%n", c, d*100);
    }
}

  输出结果为:

150000   10

249f0 a

5.01 3.1

5.010e+00 3.140e+02

  下面是一些格式化参数说明(摘自core java 2 volume i - fundamentals, seventh edition)


 

table 3-5. conversions for printf


conversion character

type

example

d

decimal integer

159

x

hexadecimal integer

9f

o

octal integer

237

f

fixed-point floating-point

15.9

e

exponential floating-point

1.59e+01

g

general floating-point (the shorter of e and f)

a

hexadecimal floating point

0x1.fccdp3

s

string

hello

c

character

h

b

boolean

true

h

hash code

42628b2

tx

date and time

see table 3-7

%

the percent symbol

%

n

the platform-dependent line separator

table 3-7. date and time conversion characters

conversion character

type

example

c

complete date and time

mon feb 09 18:05:19 pst 2004

f

iso 8601 date

2004-02-09

d

u.s. formatted date (month/day/year)

02/09/2004

t

24-hour time

18:05:19

r

12-hour time

06:05:19 pm

r

24-hour time, no seconds

18:05

y

four-digit year (with leading zeroes)

2004

y

last two digits of the year (with leading zeroes)

04

c

first two digits of the year (with leading zeroes)

20

b

full month name

february

b or h

abbreviated month name

feb

m

two-digit month (with leading zeroes)

02

d

two-digit day (with leading zeroes)

09

e

two-digit day (without leading zeroes)

9

a

full weekday name

monday

a

abbreviated weekday name

mon

j

three-digit day of year (with leading zeroes), between 001 and 366

069

h

two-digit hour (with leading zeroes), between 00 and 23

18

k

two-digit hour (without leading zeroes), between 0 and 23

18

i

two-digit hour (with leading zeroes), between 01 and 12

06

l

two-digit hour (without leading zeroes), between 1 and 12

6

m

two-digit minutes (with leading zeroes)

05

s

two-digit seconds (with leading zeroes)

19

l

three-digit milliseconds (with leading zeroes)

047

n

nine-digit nanoseconds (with leading zeroes)

047000000

p

uppercase morning or afternoon marker

pm

p

lowercase morning or afternoon marker

pm

z

rfc 822 numeric offset from gmt

-0800

z

time zone

pst

s

seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 gmt

1078884319

e

milliseconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 gmt

1078884319047

table 3-6. flags for printf

flag

purpose

example

+

prints sign for positive and negative numbers

+3333.33

space

adds a space before positive numbers

| 3333.33|

0

adds leading zeroes

003333.33

-

left-justifies field

|3333.33 |

(

encloses negative number in parentheses

(3333.33)

,

adds group separators

3,333.33

# (for f format)

always includes a decimal point

3,333.

# (for x or o format)

adds 0x or 0 prefix

0xcafe

^

converts to upper case

0xcafe

$

specifies the index of the argument to be formatted; for example, %1$d %1$x prints the first argument in decimal and hexadecimal

159 9f

<

formats the same value as the previous specification; for example, %d %<x prints the same number in decimal and hexadecimal

  这里是一些简单的介绍,更详细的说明请参考:

  core java 2 volume i - fundamentals, seventh edition

  core java 2 volume ii - advanced features, seventh edition

  里面都有一些很精彩的描述,中文名称就是《java核心技术》。只有第七版才有j2se5.0的介绍,但是第七版好像还没有中文版。本文还参考了professional java jdk - 5th edition.

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