1. 什么是Block(Sector)背景:最近采购了一批新的服务器,底层的存储设备的默认physical sector size从原有的 512B 改为了 4K。
装完系统以后,在做数据库物理备份恢复时xtrabackup报了这么一个错。但是同样的备份在512B sector size的老系统上却可以恢复。
报错如下:
InnoDB:Error:triedtoread2048bytesatoffset00.InnoDB:Wasonlyabletoread0.14030418:48:12InnoDB:Operatingsystemerrornumber22inafileoperation.InnoDB:Errornumber22means'Invalidargument'.InnoDB:SomeoperatingsystemerrornumbersaredescribedatInnoDB:http://dev.MySQL.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/operating-system-error-codes.htmlInnoDB:Fileoperationcall:'read'.InnoDB:Cannotcontinueoperation.innobackupex-1.5.1:Error:innobackupex-1.5.1:ibbackupfailedat/usr/bin/innobackupex-1.5.1line386.
我们先不讨论原因,先看一下解决方案:http://bazaar.launchpad.net/~akopytov/percona-xtrabackup/bug1190779-2.0/revision/561#src/xtrabackup.cc
升级到2.0.7以上的xtrabackup即可。
为什么同样的程序在512B的block size 和在4K的block size上的行为结果不一样呢?
我们先来看一下什么是device block (sector) size:block(又叫sector) 是一个块设备的最小读写单位。也就是说对于一个512B block size的设备。即使上层调用只需要读10个Byte的数据,它也会从设备读取512B的数据,然后再把多余的剔除,返回给上层调用者。
在device block size的上层是filesystem block size:对于filesystem来说一个block也是最小的读写单位。也即只有一个字节的文件,在底层device上也会占一个block的大小。
更多对于block size的解释,见链接
2. 什么是Aligned IO有了block size以后,自然就出现了对齐(align)的概念。所谓对齐就是IO请求的边界和底层block的边界重合。也就是说上层IO请求的起始点和偏移量是下层设备block size的整数倍。同样读取512B的数据,对齐后的请求只需要下层设备的一次IO,而非对齐的请求就需要下层设备的两次IO再加上前后数据截断。也因为如此,aligned IO的性能要比unaligned IO的性能好很多
下面就是从上自下(从DB到Disk)严格对齐的一张事例图
然而,linux操作系统和MySQL并不严格要求IO对齐。unaligned IO只会造成IO请求性能略低,但并不应该出现访问报错。
那是什么样的原因导致xtrabackup在4K sector size的设备上报错了呢?
3. O_DIRECT 和 unaligned IO查阅Linux文档以后我们发现,文件系统在O_DIRECT模式下打开的文件有IO对齐的限制。而xtrabackup在使用了O_DIRECT方式open file的情况,发起了unaligned IO。这种情况下,文件系统会拒绝IO请求。
具体文档摘抄如下:
Users must always take care to use PRoperly aligned and sized IO. Thisis especially important for Direct I/O access. Direct I/O should bealigned on a 'logical_block_size' boundary and in multiples of the'logical_block_size'. With native 4K devices (logical_block_size is 4K)it is now critical that applications perform Direct I/O that is amultiple of the device's 'logical_block_size'. This means thatapplications that do not perform 4K aligned I/O, but 512-byte alignedI/O, will break with native 4K devices. Applications may consult adevice's "I/O Limits" to ensure they are using properly aligned andsized I/O. The "I/O Limits" are exposed through both sysfs and blockdevice ioctl interfaces (also see: libblkid).
而查看xtrabackup 2.0.7 对于这个bug的描述,我们也可以发现这个bug的修复实际上就是简单的把 O_DIRECT的文件打开属性去除。具体change log摘抄如下:
4. 相关文档The problem was in an length-unaligned I/O request issued whilemanipulating xtrabackup_logfile with O_DIRECT enabled.
We don't actually need O_DIRECT in those cases, so the fix was todisable O_DIRECT.. The patch also removes userspace buffer alignmentcode and implements other minor cleanups.
http://www.orczhou.com/index.php/2009/08/innodb_flush_method-file-io/
https://bugs.launchpad.net/percona-xtradb-cluster/+bug/1055547
https://bugs.launchpad.net/percona-xtrabackup/+bug/902567
https://bugs.launchpad.net/percona-server/+bug/1033051
http://www.linuxintro.org/wiki/Blocks,_block_devices_and_block_sizes
http://www.mysqlperformanceblog.com/2011/06/09/aligning-io-on-a-hard-disk-raid-the-theory/
http://people.redhat.com/msnitzer/docs/io-limits.txt
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