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问题描述:
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在练习《UNIX环境高级编程》APUE程序清单8-7的时候,codelist8-7.c中用到了codelist15-3.c中的函数TELL_WAIT(),WAIT_PARENT()及TELL_CHILD()。
codelist8-7.c:
1 #include "apue.h" 2 3 static void charatatime(char *); 4 5 int main(void) 6 { 7 pid_t pid; 8 TELL_WAIT(); 9 10 if ((pid = fork()) < 0) {11 err_sys("fork error");12 } else if (pid == 0) {13 WAIT_PARENT(); /* parent goes first */14 charatatime("output from child/n");15 } else {16 charatatime("output from parent/n");17 TELL_CHILD(pid);18 }19 exit(0);20 }21 22 static void charatatime(char *str)23 {24 char *ptr;25 int c;26 27 setbuf(stdout, NULL); /* set unbuffered */28 for (ptr = str; (c = *ptr++) != 0; )29 putc(c, stdout);30 }codelist8-7.c
codelist15-3.c:
1 #include "apue.h" 2 3 static int pfd1[2], pfd2[2]; 4 5 void TELL_WAIT(void) 6 { 7 if (pipe(pfd1) < 0 || pipe(pfd2) < 0) 8 err_sys("pipe error"); 9 }10 11 void TELL_PARENT(pid_t pid)12 {13 if (write(pfd2[1], "c", 1) != 1)14 err_sys("write error");15 }16 17 void WAIT_PARENT(void)18 {19 char c;20 21 if (read(pfd1[0], &c, 1) != 1)22 err_sys("read error");23 24 if (c != 'p')25 err_quit("WAIT_PARENT: incorrect data");26 }27 28 void TELL_CHILD(pid_t pid)29 {30 if (write(pfd1[1], "p", 1) != 1)31 err_sys("write error");32 }33 34 void WAIT_CHILD(void)35 {36 char c;37 38 if (read(pfd2[0], &c, 1) != 1)39 err_sys("read error");40 41 if (c != 'c')42 err_quit("WAIT_CHILD: incorrect data");43 }View Code
在使用命令编译8-7时,提示以下错误:
$ gcc codelist8-7.c codelist15-3.c -o 8-7/tmp/ccMDAwpv.o: In function `err_ret':codelist15-3.c:(.text+0x0): multiple definition of `err_ret'/tmp/ccXi2EPL.o:codelist8-7.c:(.text+0x0): first defined here/tmp/ccMDAwpv.o: In function `err_sys':codelist15-3.c:(.text+0xa9): multiple definition of `err_sys'/tmp/ccXi2EPL.o:codelist8-7.c:(.text+0xa9): first defined here/tmp/ccMDAwpv.o: In function `err_exit':codelist15-3.c:(.text+0x15a): multiple definition of `err_exit'/tmp/ccXi2EPL.o:codelist8-7.c:(.text+0x15a): first defined here/tmp/ccMDAwpv.o: In function `err_dump':codelist15-3.c:(.text+0x209): multiple definition of `err_dump'/tmp/ccXi2EPL.o:codelist8-7.c:(.text+0x209): first defined here/tmp/ccMDAwpv.o: In function `err_msg':codelist15-3.c:(.text+0x2b5): multiple definition of `err_msg'/tmp/ccXi2EPL.o:codelist8-7.c:(.text+0x2b5): first defined here/tmp/ccMDAwpv.o: In function `err_quit':codelist15-3.c:(.text+0x360): multiple definition of `err_quit'/tmp/ccXi2EPL.o:codelist8-7.c:(.text+0x360): first defined herecollect2: ld 返回 1
查找网上意见如下:
1. http://bbs.chinaunix.net/thread-3699788-1-1.html
我想是不是因为我在apue.h头文件中,添加了#include "error.c",虽然apue.h中 #ifndef __APUE_H__ #define __APUE_H__复制代码但是编译器对每个文件是分别编译的,所以在文件wait.c和14.6.c中都#include "apue.h",就会包含两份error.c文件,而在error.c文件中是函数的定义(并不是声明),所以才会出现这样的情况。所以我删除在apue.h中#include "error.c",makefile文件如下: inc=/home/lee/PRogram/apue/apue.2e/include/ error=/home/lee/program/apue/apue.2e/include/error.c a.out:14.6.c wait.c gcc -I $(inc) -o a.out 14.6.c wait.c $(error)复制代码apue.h文件中/home/lee/program/apue/apue.2d/include/目录下。这样就没有问题了。不知是不是如我想的这样。#没错,而且没有充分理由时尽量不要 include c 文件
以上这条讨论讲得比较到位吧,原来,我之前按这篇文章的方法[http://blog.csdn.net/quan9ing007/article/details/9929659此方法不好]把 apue.h 和 error.h 都拷贝到 /usr/include 文件夹下了。
其实按上面的说法,不该把在apue.h中#include "error.c",并把 error.c 放到 /usr/include 目录下的,在每一次编译时添加error.c就好。
解决方案(推荐):
因此,只把 apue.h 放到/usr/include目录下,而由于要经常用到error.c,我们将定义一个error环境变量,这样就不必每次都把error.c拷贝到相关文件夹下参与编译。
这里假定当前用户是Lee,error.c存放在/home/Lee/code_Lee/APUE/part_of_source/:
sudo cp /home/Lee/code_Lee/APUE/part_of_source/apue.h /usr/include/apue.hsudo chmod a+r /usr/include/apue.hvi /home/Lee/.bashrc 在.bashrc文末添加apue_error变量: apue_error=/home/Lee/code_Lee/APUE/part_of_source/error.csource ~/.bashrc /* 这很重要,一定要执行 */echo ${apue_error} /home/Lee/code_Lee/APUE/part_of_source/error.cgcc codelist8-6.c ${apue_error} -o 8-6 成功! gcc codelist8-7.c codelist15-3.c ${apue_error} -o 8-7 成功!!
(完)
参考资料:
1. Linux的环境变量
http://www.CUOXin.com/Neddy/archive/2011/03/01/1968018.html
2. linux环境变量(转)
http://www.CUOXin.com/growup/archive/2011/07/02/2096142.html
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