这篇文章主要介绍了javascript中的面向对象编程知识点,对面向对象编程进行概述,以及各种方法进行整理,感兴趣的小伙伴们可以参考一下
1、面向对象的工厂方法
- function createPerson(name, age, job){
- var o = new Object();
- o.name = name;
- o.age = age;
- o.job = job;
- o.sayName = function(){
- alert(this.name);
- };
- return o;
- }
- var person1 = createPerson("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
- var person2 = createPerson("Greg", 27, "Doctor");
- person1.sayName(); //"Nicholas"
- person2.sayName(); //"Greg"
工厂模型的方法的缺点是会产生大量重复代码!
2、构造函数模式创建对象
- function Person(name, age, job){
- this.name = name;
- this.age = age;
- this.job = job;
- this.sayName = function(){
- alert(this.name);
- };
- }
- var person1 = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
- var person2 = new Person("Greg", 27, "Doctor");
- person1.sayName(); //"Nicholas"
- person2.sayName(); //"Greg"
- alert(person1 instanceof Object); //true
- alert(person1 instanceof Person); //true
- alert(person2 instanceof Object); //true
- alert(person2 instanceof Person); //true
- alert(person1.constructor == Person); //true
- alert(person2.constructor == Person); //true
- alert(person1.sayName == person2.sayName); //false
使用new关键字创建对象会经历以下四个过程
1、创建一个新对象
2、将构造函数的作用域赋给一个新对象(因此this就指向了这个新对象)
3、执行构造函数的方法(为这个新对象赋值)
4、返回新对象
3、将构造函数当函数用
- function Person(name, age, job){
- this.name = name;
- this.age = age;
- this.job = job;
- this.sayName = function(){
- alert(this.name);
- };
- }
- var person = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
- person.sayName(); //"Nicholas"
- Person("Greg", 27, "Doctor"); //adds to window
- window.sayName(); //"Greg"
- var o = new Object();
- Person.call(o, "Kristen", 25, "Nurse");
- o.sayName(); //"Kristen"
构造函数当做函数使用就和普通的函数没有任何不同,它属于window对象下面添加的方法而已。由于构造函数创建的对象实际上是创建一个新对象,因此在本质上两者还是不一样的,还是分离的,他们的方法还是不一样的!
4、将共有的方法方法全局解决不一致的问题
- function Person(name, age, job){
- this.name = name;
- this.age = age;
- this.job = job;
- this.sayName = sayName;
- }
- function sayName(){
- alert(this.name);
- }
- var person1 = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
- var person2 = new Person("Greg", 27, "Doctor");
- person1.sayName(); //"Nicholas"
- person2.sayName(); //"Greg"
- alert(person1 instanceof Object); //true
- alert(person1 instanceof Person); //true
- alert(person2 instanceof Object); //true
- alert(person2 instanceof Person); //true
- alert(person1.constructor == Person); //true
- alert(person2.constructor == Person); //true
- alert(person1.sayName == person2.sayName); //true
虽然上面的方法解决了一致的问题,但是定义的全局的方法本身属于window,那么局部和全局就没有分开!所以这个方法使用的并不多见!也不建议使用。
5、原型模式
我们创建的任何的一个函数都有一个原型对象,这个属性是一个指针,它指向一个对象,而这个对象的作用是可以有特定的类型的所有的实例共享的方法!
- function Person(){
- }
- Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
- Person.prototype.age = 29;
- Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
- Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
- alert(this.name);
- };
- var person1 = new Person();
- person1.sayName(); //"Nicholas"
- var person2 = new Person();
- person2.sayName(); //"Nicholas"
- alert(person1.sayName == person2.sayName); //true
- alert(Person.prototype.isPrototypeOf(person1)); //true
- alert(Person.prototype.isPrototypeOf(person2)); //true
- //only works if Object.getPrototypeOf() is available
- if (Object.getPrototypeOf){
- alert(Object.getPrototypeOf(person1) == Person.prototype); //true
- alert(Object.getPrototypeOf(person1).name); //"Nicholas"
- }
理解原型
无论什么时候只要是创建了一个函数,就会创建一个原型属性,这个属性指向函数的原型对象。在默认的情况下,原型对象都会包含一个constructor(构造函数属性),这个属性包含一个指向prototype属性所在函数的指针!
属性读取的顺序
每当代码读取某个对象的属性时候,都会执行一次搜索,目标是具有给定名字的属性,搜索从对象的实例本身开始查找,如有则返回,没有则继续搜索该对象的原型链,直至搜索到原型链的最外层!
- function Person(){
- }
- Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
- Person.prototype.age = 29;
- Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
- Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
- alert(this.name);
- };
- var person1 = new Person();
- var person2 = new Person();
- person1.name = "Greg";
- alert(person1.name); //"Greg" 来自实例
- alert(person2.name); //"Nicholas" 来自原型
如果删除了这个元素的实例属性
- function Person(){
- }
- Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
- Person.prototype.age = 29;
- Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
- Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
- alert(this.name);
- };
- var person1 = new Person();
- var person2 = new Person();
- person1.name = "Greg";
- alert(person1.name); //"Greg" ?from instance
- alert(person2.name); //"Nicholas" ?from prototype
- delete person1.name;
- alert(person1.name); //"Nicholas" - from the prototype
6、hasOwnProperty方法
这个方法可以检测一个属性是否存在于实例中,还是存在于原型中!hasOwnProperty是从Object继承来的,只要给定属性存在于对象实例中,才会返回true.
- function Person(){
- }
- Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
- Person.prototype.age = 29;
- Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
- Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
- alert(this.name);
- };
- var person1 = new Person();
- var person2 = new Person();
- alert(person1.hasOwnProperty("name")); //false
- alert("name" in person1); //true
- person1.name = "Greg";
- alert(person1.name); //"Greg" ?from instance
- alert(person1.hasOwnProperty("name")); //true
- alert("name" in person1); //true
- alert(person2.name); //"Nicholas" ?from prototype
- alert(person2.hasOwnProperty("name")); //false
- alert("name" in person2); //true
- delete person1.name;
- alert(person1.name); //"Nicholas" - from the prototype
- alert(person1.hasOwnProperty("name")); //false
- alert("name" in person1); //true
7、Object.keys() 可枚举属性方法
这个方法接收一个对象作为参数,返回一个包含所有可枚举属性的字符串数组
- function Person(){
- }
- Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
- Person.prototype.age = 29;
- Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
- Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
- alert(this.name);
- };
- var keys = Object.keys(Person.prototype);
- alert(keys); //"name,age,job,sayName"
- 如果想得到所有实例的属性,无论它是否可以枚举都可以使用这个方法来获取
- function Person(){
- }
- Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
- Person.prototype.age = 29;
- Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
- Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
- alert(this.name);
- };
- var keys = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(Person.prototype);
- alert(keys); //"constructor,name,age,job,sayName"
此方法高版本浏览器才支持
8、简单的原型写法
- function Person(){
- }
- Person.prototype = {
- name : "Nicholas",
- age : 29,
- job: "Software Engineer",
- sayName : function () {
- alert(this.name);
- }
- };
- var friend = new Person();
- alert(friend instanceof Object); //true
- alert(friend instanceof Person); //true
- alert(friend.constructor == Person); //false
- alert(friend.constructor == Object); //true
重写了原型就等于将默认的原型方法覆盖,那么同样的构造方法也会被重写,重写的构造方法指向了Object对象!而不是原来的对象Person
如果还是想指向之前的构造方法,可以显示的指定
- function Person(){
- }
- Person.prototype = {
- constructor : Person,
- name : "Nicholas",
- age : 29,
- job: "Software Engineer",
- sayName : function () {
- alert(this.name);
- }
- };
- var friend = new Person();
- alert(friend instanceof Object); //true
- alert(friend instanceof Person); //true
- alert(friend.constructor == Person); //true
- alert(friend.constructor == Object); //false
9、原型方法的动态添加
- function Person(){
- }
- Person.prototype = {
- constructor: Person,
- name : "Nicholas",
- age : 29,
- job : "Software Engineer",
- sayName : function () {
- alert(this.name);
- }
- };
- var friend = new Person();
- Person.prototype.sayHi = function(){
- alert("hi");
- };
- friend.sayHi(); //"hi" ?works!
10、原生对象的原型方法
- alert(typeof Array.prototype.sort); //"function"
- alert(typeof String.prototype.substring); //"function"
- String.prototype.startsWith = function (text) {//修改原生对象的原型方法
- return this.indexOf(text) == 0;
- };
- var msg = "Hello world!";
- alert(msg.startsWith("Hello")); //true
11、组合使用构造函数和原型模式创建对象
- //构造函数模式
- function Person(name, age, job){
- this.name = name;
- this.age = age;
- this.job = job;
- this.friends = ["Shelby", "Court"];
- }
- //原型模式
- Person.prototype = {
- constructor: Person,
- sayName : function () {
- alert(this.name);
- }
- };
- var person1 = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
- var person2 = new Person("Greg", 27, "Doctor");
- person1.friends.push("Van");
- alert(person1.friends); //"Shelby,Court,Van"
- alert(person2.friends); //"Shelby,Court"
- alert(person1.friends === person2.friends); //false
- alert(person1.sayName === person2.sayName); //true
12、动态原型模式
- function Person(name, age, job){
- //properties
- this.name = name;
- this.age = age;
- this.job = job;
- //methods
- if (typeof this.sayName != "function"){
- Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
- alert(this.name);
- };
- }
- }
- var friend = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
- friend.sayName();
13、寄生构造函数模式
- function Person(name, age, job){
- var o = new Object();//依赖全局对象初始化一个对象,然后再返回这个对象
- o.name = name;
- o.age = age;
- o.job = job;
- o.sayName = function(){
- alert(this.name);
- };
- return o;
- }
- var friend = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
- friend.sayName(); //"Nicholas"
- function SpecialArray(){
- //create the array
- var values = new Array();
- //add the values
- values.push.apply(values, arguments);
- //assign the method
- values.toPipedString = function(){
- return this.join("|");
- };
- //return it
- return values;
- }
- var colors = new SpecialArray("red", "blue", "green");
- alert(colors.toPipedString()); //"red|blue|green"
- alert(colors instanceof SpecialArray);
上诉方法有一点说明下,由于它是依赖外层对象来创建一个新对象,因此不能依赖 instanceof方法来确定属性和方法的来源!它实际上和构造函数的没有关系!
14、稳妥构造函数模式
- function Person(name, age, job){
- var o = new Object();
- o.sayName = function(){
- alert(name);
- };
- return o;
- }
- var friend = Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
- friend.sayName(); //"Nicholas"
此方法不依赖任何new this 关键符!如果要访问对象的方法和属性,只能通过对象已经定义好的方法来获取!
15、继承
javascript实现继承是通过原型链来实现的
- function SuperType(){
- this.property = true;//定义一个属性
- }
- SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = function(){//定义的原型方法
- return this.property;
- };
- function SubType(){
- this.subproperty = false;
- }
- //inherit from SuperType
- SubType.prototype = new SuperType();
- SubType.prototype.getSubValue = function (){
- return this.subproperty;
- };
- var instance = new SubType();
- alert(instance.getSuperValue()); //true
- alert(instance instanceof Object); //true
- alert(instance instanceof SuperType); //true
- alert(instance instanceof SubType); //true
- alert(Object.prototype.isPrototypeOf(instance)); //true
- alert(SuperType.prototype.isPrototypeOf(instance)); //true
- alert(SubType.prototype.isPrototypeOf(instance)); //true
- SubType继承SuperType的方法和属性,因此当instance可以直接调用SuperType的方法!
- function SuperType(){
- this.property = true;
- }
- SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = function(){
- return this.property;
- };
- function SubType(){
- this.subproperty = false;
- }
- //inherit from SuperType
- SubType.prototype = new SuperType();
- //new method
- SubType.prototype.getSubValue = function (){
- return this.subproperty;
- };
- //override existing method
- SubType.prototype.getSuperValue = function (){
- return false;
- };
- var instance = new SubType();
- alert(instance.getSuperValue()); //false
上面的例子说明,重写的原型会覆盖之前继承的原型,最后返回的往往不是预期的效果
- function SuperType(){
- this.property = true;
- }
- SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = function(){
- return this.property;
- };
- function SubType(){
- this.subproperty = false;
- }
- //inherit from SuperType
- SubType.prototype = new SuperType();
- //使用字面量添加的方法导致上面的方法失效了
- SubType.prototype = {
- getSubValue : function (){
- return this.subproperty;
- },
- someOtherMethod : function (){
- return false;
- }
- };
- var instance = new SubType();
- console.log(instance);
- alert(instance.getSuperValue()); //error!
下面的例子也说明重写原型带来的风险
- function SuperType(){
- this.colors = ["red", "blue", "green"];
- }
- function SubType(){
- }
- //inherit from SuperType
- SubType.prototype = new SuperType();
- var instance1 = new SubType();
- instance1.colors.push("black");
- alert(instance1.colors); //"red,blue,green,black"
- var instance2 = new SubType();
- alert(instance2.colors); //"red,blue,green,black"
原型共享导致两个不同的对象调用的同一个数据
16、借用构造函数来实现继承
- function SuperType(){
- this.colors = ["red", "blue", "green"];
- }
- function SubType(){
- //inherit from SuperType
- SuperType.call(this);
- }
- var instance1 = new SubType();
- instance1.colors.push("black");
- alert(instance1.colors); //"red,blue,green,black"
- var instance2 = new SubType();
- alert(instance2.colors); //"red,blue,green"
传递参数
- function SuperType(name){
- this.name = name;
- }
- function SubType(){
- //inherit from SuperType passing in an argument
- SuperType.call(this, "Nicholas");
- //instance property
- this.age = 29;
- }
- var instance = new SubType();
- alert(instance.name); //"Nicholas";
- alert(instance.age); //29
17、组合继承方式
- function SuperType(name){
- this.name = name;
- this.colors = ["red", "blue", "green"];
- }
- SuperType.prototype.sayName = function(){
- alert(this.name);
- };
- function SubType(name, age){
- SuperType.call(this, name);
- this.age = age;
- }
18、原型继承
- function object(o){
- function F(){}
- F.prototype = o;
- return new F();
- }
- var person = {
- name: "Nicholas",
- friends: ["Shelby", "Court", "Van"]
- };
- var anotherPerson = object(person);
- anotherPerson.name = "Greg";
- anotherPerson.friends.push("Rob");
19、寄生组合式继承
- function object(o){
- function F(){}
- F.prototype = o;
- return new F();
- }
- function inheritPrototype(subType, superType){
- var prototype = object(superType.prototype); //create object
- prototype.constructor = subType; //augment object
- subType.prototype = prototype; //assign object
- }
- function SuperType(name){
- this.name = name;
- this.colors = ["red", "blue", "green"];
- }
- SuperType.prototype.sayName = function(){
- alert(this.name);
- };
- function SubType(name, age){
- SuperType.call(this, name);
- this.age = age;
- }
- inheritPrototype(SubType, SuperType);
- SubType.prototype.sayAge = function(){
- alert(this.age);
- };
- var instance1 = new SubType("Nicholas", 29);
- instance1.colors.push("black");
- alert(instance1.colors); //"red,blue,green,black"
- instance1.sayName(); //"Nicholas";
- instance1.sayAge(); //29
- var instance2 = new SubType("Greg", 27);
- alert(instance2.colors); //"red,blue,green"
- instance2.sayName(); //"Greg";
- instance2.sayAge(); //27
以上就是今天的javascript学习小结,之后每天还会继续更新,希望大家继续关注。
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