本文介绍了PHP中的Traits,Traits是一种为类似PHP的单继承语言而准备的代码复用机制,需要的朋友可以参考下
PHP是单继承的语言,在PHP 5.4 Traits出现之前,PHP的类无法同时从两个基类继承属性或方法。php的Traits和Go语言的组合功能类似,通过在类中使用use关键字声明要组合的Trait名称,而具体某个Trait的声明使用trait关键词,Trait不能直接实例化。具体用法请看下面的代码:
- <?php
- trait Drive {
- public $carName = 'trait';
- public function driving() {
- echo "driving {$this->carName}/n";
- }
- }
- class Person {
- public function eat() {
- echo "eat/n";
- }
- }
- class Student extends Person {
- use Drive;
- public function study() {
- echo "study/n";
- }
- }
- $student = new Student();
- $student->study();
- $student->eat();
- $student->driving();
输出结果如下:
- study
- eat
- driving trait
上面的例子中,Student类通过继承Person,有了eat方法,通过组合Drive,有了driving方法和属性carName。
如果Trait、基类和本类中都存在某个同名的属性或者方法,最终会保留哪一个呢?通过下面的代码测试一下:
- <?php
- trait Drive {
- public function hello() {
- echo "hello drive/n";
- }
- public function driving() {
- echo "driving from drive/n";
- }
- }
- class Person {
- public function hello() {
- echo "hello person/n";
- }
- public function driving() {
- echo "driving from person/n";
- }
- }
- class Student extends Person {
- use Drive;
- public function hello() {
- echo "hello student/n";
- }
- }
- $student = new Student();
- $student->hello();
- $student->driving();
输出结果如下:
- hello student
- driving from drive
因此得出结论:当方法或属性同名时,当前类中的方法会覆盖 trait的 方法,而 trait 的方法又覆盖了基类中的方法。
如果要组合多个Trait,通过逗号分隔 Trait名称:
use Trait1, Trait2;
如果多个Trait中包含同名方法或者属性时,会怎样呢?答案是当组合的多个Trait包含同名属性或者方法时,需要明确声明解决冲突,否则会产生一个致命错误。
- <?php
- trait Trait1 {
- public function hello() {
- echo "Trait1::hello/n";
- }
- public function hi() {
- echo "Trait1::hi/n";
- }
- }
- trait Trait2 {
- public function hello() {
- echo "Trait2::hello/n";
- }
- public function hi() {
- echo "Trait2::hi/n";
- }
- }
- class Class1 {
- use Trait1, Trait2;
- }
输出结果如下:
- PHP Fatal error: Trait method hello has not been applied, because there are collisions with other trait methods on Class1 in ~/php54/trait_3.php on line 20
使用insteadof和as操作符来解决冲突,insteadof是使用某个方法替代另一个,而as是给方法取一个别名,具体用法请看代码:
- <?php
- trait Trait1 {
- public function hello() {
- echo "Trait1::hello/n";
- }
- public function hi() {
- echo "Trait1::hi/n";
- }
- }
- trait Trait2 {
- public function hello() {
- echo "Trait2::hello/n";
- }
- public function hi() {
- echo "Trait2::hi/n";
- }
- }
- class Class1 {
- use Trait1, Trait2 {
- Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1;
- Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2;
- }
- }
- class Class2 {
- use Trait1, Trait2 {
- Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1;
- Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2;
- Trait2::hi as hei;
- Trait1::hello as hehe;
- }
- }
- $Obj1 = new Class1();
- $Obj1->hello();
- $Obj1->hi();
- echo "/n";
- $Obj2 = new Class2();
- $Obj2->hello();
- $Obj2->hi();
- $Obj2->hei();
- $Obj2->hehe();
输出结果如下:
- Trait2::hello
- Trait1::hi
- Trait2::hello
- Trait1::hi
- Trait2::hi
- Trait1::hello
as关键词还有另外一个用途,那就是修改方法的访问控制:
- <?php
- trait Hello {
- public function hello() {
- echo "hello,trait/n";
- }
- }
- class Class1 {
- use Hello {
- hello as protected;
- }
- }
- class Class2 {
- use Hello {
- Hello::hello as private hi;
- }
- }
- $Obj1 = new Class1();
- $Obj1->hello(); # 报致命错误,因为hello方法被修改成受保护的
- $Obj2 = new Class2();
- $Obj2->hello(); # 原来的hello方法仍然是公共的
- $Obj2->hi(); # 报致命错误,因为别名hi方法被修改成私有的
Trait 也能组合Trait,Trait中支持抽象方法、静态属性及静态方法,测试代码如下:
- <?php
- trait Hello {
- public function sayHello() {
- echo "Hello/n";
- }
- }
- trait World {
- use Hello;
- public function sayWorld() {
- echo "World/n";
- }
- abstract public function getWorld();
- public function inc() {
- static $c = 0;
- $c = $c + 1;
- echo "$c/n";
- }
- public static function doSomething() {
- echo "Doing something/n";
- }
- }
- class HelloWorld {
- use World;
- public function getWorld() {
- return 'get World';
- }
- }
- $Obj = new HelloWorld();
- $Obj->sayHello();
- $Obj->sayWorld();
- echo $Obj->getWorld() . "/n";
- HelloWorld::doSomething();
- $Obj->inc();
- $Obj->inc();
输出结果如下:
- Hello
- World
- get World
- Doing something
- 1
- 2
以上就是本文的全部内容,希望对大家的学习有所帮助。
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