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详解PHP中的Traits

2024-04-25 20:40:21
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PHP是单继承的语言,在PHP 5.4 Traits出现之前,PHP的类无法同时从两个基类继承属性或方法。php的Traits和Go语言的组合功能类似,通过在类中使用use关键字声明要组合的Trait名称,而具体某个Trait的声明使用trait关键词,Trait不能直接实例化。具体用法请看下面的代码:

<?php

trait Drive {

public $carName = 'trait';

public function driving() {

echo "driving {$this->carName}/n";

}

}

class Person {

public function eat() {

echo "eat/n";

}

}

class Student extends Person {

use Drive;

public function study() {

echo "study/n";

}

}

$student = new Student();

$student->study();

$student->eat();

$student->driving();

输出结果如下:

study

eat

driving trait

上面的例子中,Student类通过继承Person,有了eat方法,通过组合Drive,有了driving方法和属性carName。

如果Trait、基类和本类中都存在某个同名的属性或者方法,最终会保留哪一个呢?通过下面的代码测试一下:

<?php

trait Drive {

public function hello() {

echo "hello drive/n";

}

public function driving() {

echo "driving from drive/n";

}

}

class Person {

public function hello() {

echo "hello person/n";

}

public function driving() {

echo "driving from person/n";

}

}

class Student extends Person {

use Drive;

public function hello() {

echo "hello student/n";

}

}

$student = new Student();

$student->hello();

$student->driving();

输出结果如下:

hello student

driving from drive

因此得出结论:当方法或属性同名时,当前类中的方法会覆盖 trait的 方法,而 trait 的方法又覆盖了基类中的方法。

如果要组合多个Trait,通过逗号分隔 Trait名称:

use Trait1, Trait2;

如果多个Trait中包含同名方法或者属性时,会怎样呢?答案是当组合的多个Trait包含同名属性或者方法时,需要明确声明解决冲突,否则会产生一个致命错误。

<?php

trait Trait1 {

public function hello() {

echo "Trait1::hello/n";

}

public function hi() {

echo "Trait1::hi/n";

}

}

trait Trait2 {

public function hello() {

echo "Trait2::hello/n";

}

public function hi() {

echo "Trait2::hi/n";

}

}

class Class1 {

use Trait1, Trait2;

}

输出结果如下:

PHP Fatal error: Trait method hello has not been applied, because there are collisions with other trait methods on Class1 in ~/php54/trait_3.php on line 20

使用insteadof和as操作符来解决冲突,insteadof是使用某个方法替代另一个,而as是给方法取一个别名,具体用法请看代码:

<?php

trait Trait1 {

public function hello() {

echo "Trait1::hello/n";

}

public function hi() {

echo "Trait1::hi/n";

}

}

trait Trait2 {

public function hello() {

echo "Trait2::hello/n";

}

public function hi() {

echo "Trait2::hi/n";

}

}

class Class1 {

use Trait1, Trait2 {

Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1;

Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2;

}

}

class Class2 {

use Trait1, Trait2 {

Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1;

Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2;

Trait2::hi as hei;

Trait1::hello as hehe;

}

}

$Obj1 = new Class1();

$Obj1->hello();

$Obj1->hi();

echo "/n";

$Obj2 = new Class2();

$Obj2->hello();

$Obj2->hi();

$Obj2->hei();

$Obj2->hehe();

输出结果如下:

Trait2::hello

Trait1::hi

Trait2::hello

Trait1::hi

Trait2::hi

Trait1::hello

as关键词还有另外一个用途,那就是修改方法的访问控制:

<?php

trait Hello {

public function hello() {

echo "hello,trait/n";

}

}

class Class1 {

use Hello {

hello as protected;

}

}

class Class2 {

use Hello {

Hello::hello as private hi;

}

}

$Obj1 = new Class1();

$Obj1->hello(); # 报致命错误,因为hello方法被修改成受保护的

$Obj2 = new Class2();

$Obj2->hello(); # 原来的hello方法仍然是公共的

$Obj2->hi(); # 报致命错误,因为别名hi方法被修改成私有的

Trait 也能组合Trait,Trait中支持抽象方法、静态属性及静态方法,测试代码如下:

<?php

trait Hello {

public function sayHello() {

echo "Hello/n";

}

}

trait World {

use Hello;

public function sayWorld() {

echo "World/n";

}

abstract public function getWorld();

public function inc() {

static $c = 0;

$c = $c + 1;

echo "$c/n";

}

public static function doSomething() {

echo "Doing something/n";

}

}

class HelloWorld {

use World;

public function getWorld() {

return 'get World';

}

}

$Obj = new HelloWorld();

$Obj->sayHello();

$Obj->sayWorld();

echo $Obj->getWorld() . "/n";

HelloWorld::doSomething();

$Obj->inc();

$Obj->inc();

输出结果如下:

Hello

World

get World

Doing something

以上就是本文的全部内容,希望对大家的学习有所帮助。

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