Apache在配置编译时可以自主的选择想要使用的MPM模块,使用./configure --with-mpm=MPM命令。我们主要了解prefork和worker这两种MPM模块。
Prefork如果不用“--with-mpm”显式指定某种MPM,prefork就是Unix平台上缺省的MPM。它所采用的预派生子进程方式,用单独的子进程来处理不同的请求,进程之间彼此独立。在make编译和make install安装后,使用httpd -l来确定当前使用的MPM是prefork.c。查看httpd-mpm.conf配置文件,里面包含如下默认的配置段:
代码如下<IfModule prefork.c>StartServers 5MinSpareServers 5MaxSpareServers 10MaxClients 150MaxRequestsPerChild 0</IfModule>
prefork控制进程在最初建立“StartServers”个子进程后,为了满足MinSpareServers设置的需要创建一个进程,等待一秒钟,继续创建两个,再等待一秒钟,继续创建四个……如此按指数级增加创建的进程数,最多达到每秒32个,直到满足MinSpareServers设置的值为止。这种模式可以不必在请求到来时再产生新的进程,从而减小了系统开销以增加性能。MaxSpareServers设置了最大的空闲进程数,如果空闲进程数大于这个值,Apache会自动kill掉一些多余进程。这个值不要设得过大,但如果设的值比MinSpareServers小,Apache会自动把其调整为MinSpareServers+1。如果站点负载较大,可考虑同时加大MinSpareServers和MaxSpareServers。MaxRequestsPerChild设置的是每个子进程可处理的请求数。每个子进程在处理了“MaxRequestsPerChild”个请求后将自动销毁。0意味着无限,即子进程永不销毁。虽然缺省设为0可以使每个子进程处理更多的请求,但如果设成非零值也有两点重要的好处:1、可防止意外的内存泄漏。2、在服务器负载下降的时侯会自动减少子进程数。因此,可根据服务器的负载来调整这个值。MaxClients是这些指令中最为重要的一个,设定的是Apache可以同时处理的请求,是对Apache性能影响最大的参数。其缺省值150是远远不够的,如果请求总数已达到这个值(可通过ps -ef|grep http|wc -l来确认),那么后面的请求就要排队,直到某个已处理请求完毕。这就是系统资源还剩下很多而HTTP访问却很慢的主要原因。虽然理论上这个值越大,可以处理的请求就越多,但Apache默认的限制不能大于256。ServerLimit指令无须重编译Apache就可以加大MaxClients。ServerLimt应该放在第一个位置,放在其他指令之间不起作用(不明白原因)。
代码如下<IfModule prefork.c>ServerLimit 10000StartServers 5MinSpareServers 5MaxSpareServers 10MaxClients 10000MaxRequestsPerChild 0</IfModule>
Worker相对于prefork,worker全新的支持多线程和多进程混合模型的MPM。由于使用线程来处理,所以可以处理相对海量的请求,而系统资源的开销要小于基于进程的服务器。但是,worker也使用了多进程,每个进程又生成多个线程,以获得基于进程服务器的稳定性。在configure --with-mpm=worker后,进行make编译、make install安装。在缺省生成的httpd-mpm.conf中有以下默认配置段:
代码如下<IfModule worker.c>StartServers 2MaxClients 150MinSpareThreads 25MaxSpareThreads 75ThreadsPerChild 25MaxRequestsPerChild 0</IfModule>
Worker由主控制进程生成“StartServers”个子进程,每个子进程中包含固定的ThreadsPerChild线程数,各个线程独立地处理请求。同样,为了不在请求到来时再生成线程,MinSpareThreads和MaxSpareThreads设置了最少和最多的空闲线程数;而MaxClients设置了同时连入的clients最大总数。如果现有子进程中的线程总数不能满足负载,控制进程将派生新的子进程。MinSpareThreads和MaxSpareThreads的最大缺省值分别是75和250。这两个参数对Apache的性能影响并不大,可以按照实际情况相应调节。ThreadsPerChild是worker MPM中与性能相关最密切的指令。ThreadsPerChild的最大缺省值是64,如果负载较大,64也是不够的。这时要显式使用ThreadLimit指令,它的最大缺省值是20000。Worker模式下所能同时处理的请求总数是由子进程总数乘以ThreadsPerChild值决定的,应该大于等于MaxClients。如果负载很大,现有的子进程数不能满足时,控制进程会派生新的子进程。默认最大的子进程总数是16,加大时也需要显式声明ServerLimit(最大值是20000)。需要注意的是,如果显式声明了ServerLimit,那么它乘以ThreadsPerChild的值必须大于等于MaxClients,而且MaxClients必须是ThreadsPerChild的整数倍,否则Apache将会自动调节到一个相应值。
代码如下<IfModule worker.c>ServerLimit 25ThreadLimit 200StartServers 3MaxClients 2000MinSpareThreads 50MaxSpareThreads 200ThreadsPerChild 100MaxRequestsPerChild 0</IfModule>
下面是利用Apache自带的测试工具ab对Server进行测试的情况(设定请求的index页面为6bytes,Apache Server配置2cpu 2G memory),cpu%为cpu占用率,mem为内存使用量(M为单位),RequestsPerSecond为每秒处理的请求数。1、Prefor方式 (ServerLimit,StartServer,MinSpareServers,MaxSpareServers,MaxClients,MaxRequestPerChild)
-n/-c(ab参数) Cpu% Mem Requestspersecond(-,5,5,10,150,0)100000/100 28.8 285 8434100000/200 29.2 304 8032100000/500 25.3 323 7348100000/1000 24.4 330 5886(10000,5,5,10,500,0)100000/100 28.7 371 8345100000/200 27.4 389 7929100000/500 24.9 417 7229100000/1000 23.4 437 6676(10000,5,5,10,1000,0)100000/100 28.8 408 8517100000/200 27.0 422 8045100000/500 24.2 455 7236100000/1000 22.5 470 6570(10000,5,5,10,1500,0)100000/100 29.6 330 8407100000/200 28.1 349 8014100000/500 26.4 380 7290100000/1000 24.0 400 6686
2、Worker方式(ServerLimt,Threadlimt,Startservers,MaxClients,MinspareThread,MaxspareThread,ThreadperChild,MaxRequestPerChild)
-n/-c(ab参数) cpu% mem RequestsperSecond(50,500,5,10000,50,200,200,0)100000/100 18.6 188 6020100000/200 20.1 195 5892100000/500 19.8 209 5708100000/1000 22.2 218 6081(100,500,5,10000,50,200,100,0)100000/100 24.5 240 6919100000/200 23.6 247 6798100000/500 24.6 254 6827100000/1000 22.3 271 6114(200,500,5,10000,50,200,50,0)100000/100 27.3 301 7781100000/200 27.4 307 7789100000/500 26.0 320 7141100000/1000 21.8 344 6110
相对来说,prefork方式速度要稍高于worker,然而它需要的cpu和memory资源也稍多于woker。
下面贴出我的系统mpm文件
代码如下## Server-Pool Management (MPM specific)#
## PidFile: The file in which the server should record its process# identification number when it starts.## Note that this is the default PidFile for most MPMs.#<IfModule !mpm_netware_module> PidFile "logs/httpd.pid"</IfModule>
## The accept serialization lock file MUST BE STORED ON A LOCAL DISK.#<IfModule !mpm_winnt_module><IfModule !mpm_netware_module>LockFile "logs/accept.lock"</IfModule></IfModule>
## Only one of the below sections will be relevant on your# installed httpd. Use "apachectl -l" to find out the# active mpm.#
# prefork MPM# StartServers: number of server processes to start# MinSpareServers: minimum number of server processes which are kept spare# MaxSpareServers: maximum number of server processes which are kept spare# MaxClients: maximum number of server processes allowed to start# MaxRequestsPerChild: maximum number of requests a server process serves<IfModule mpm_prefork_module> StartServers 5 MinSpareServers 5 MaxSpareServers 10 MaxClients 150 MaxRequestsPerChild 0</IfModule>
# worker MPM# StartServers: initial number of server processes to start# MaxClients: maximum number of simultaneous client connections# MinSpareThreads: minimum number of worker threads which are kept spare# MaxSpareThreads: maximum number of worker threads which are kept spare# ThreadsPerChild: constant number of worker threads in each server process# MaxRequestsPerChild: maximum number of requests a server process serves<IfModule mpm_worker_module> StartServers 2 MaxClients 150 MinSpareThreads 25 MaxSpareThreads 75 ThreadsPerChild 25 MaxRequestsPerChild 0</IfModule>
# BeOS MPM# StartThreads: how many threads do we initially spawn?# MaxClients: max number of threads we can have (1 thread == 1 client)# MaxRequestsPerThread: maximum number of requests each thread will process<IfModule mpm_beos_module> StartThreads 10 MaxClients 50 MaxRequestsPerThread 10000</IfModule>
# NetWare MPM# ThreadStackSize: Stack size allocated for each worker thread# StartThreads: Number of worker threads launched at server startup# MinSpareThreads: Minimum number of idle threads, to handle request spikes# MaxSpareThreads: Maximum number of idle threads# MaxThreads: Maximum number of worker threads alive at the same time# MaxRequestsPerChild: Maximum number of requests a thread serves. It is# recommended that the default value of 0 be set for this# directive on NetWare. This will allow the thread to# continue to service requests indefinitely. <IfModule mpm_netware_module> ThreadStackSize 65536 StartThreads 250 MinSpareThreads 25 MaxSpareThreads 250 MaxThreads 1000 MaxRequestsPerChild 0 MaxMemFree 100</IfModule>
# OS/2 MPM# StartServers: Number of server processes to maintain# MinSpareThreads: Minimum number of idle threads per process,# to handle request spikes# MaxSpareThreads: Maximum number of idle threads per process# MaxRequestsPerChild: Maximum number of connections per server process<IfModule mpm_mpmt_os2_module> StartServers 2 MinSpareThreads 5 MaxSpareThreads 10 MaxRequestsPerChild 0</IfModule>
# WinNT MPM# ThreadsPerChild: constant number of worker threads in the server process# MaxRequestsPerChild: maximum number of requests a server process serves<IfModule mpm_winnt_module> ThreadsPerChild 150 MaxRequestsPerChild 0</IfModule>
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